ÿþ<html> <head> <script language="JavaScript" src="menu.js"></script> <script language="JavaScript" src="menu_items.js"></script> <script language="JavaScript" src="menu_tpl.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="menu.css" type="text/css"> <title>Cursor - Archive</title> </head> <body text="000033"> <script language="JavaScript"> new menu (MENU_ITEMS, MENU_POS); </script> <div align="center"> <br> <hr size="10" color="000099"> <img src="images\1israel-thumb.jpg"> <img src="cursor1.jpg"> <img src="images\1australia-thumb.jpg"> <br> <font color="navy" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>KCpcop - Ca9B @CAA:>O7KG=KE 52@59A:8E >@30=870F89 2AB@0;88</b></font> <hr size="10" color="000099"> <font face="Comic Sans MS" size="6"><b><u> @E82 </u></b></font><br> <table width="100%" border="2" BORDERCOLOR=lightgrey background="images/clouds3.jpeg"> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"> <table width=100% border=1 bgcolor="lightgrey" bordercolor=steelblue > <tr bgColor=Steelblue><td><img src="images/icon_russian.gif"><b>&nbspMe=N</td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="index.htm" title="Home"><b>Home</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="public_organisations.htm" title="#G@548B5;8 A09B0"><b>#G@548B5;8 A09B0</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="shalom.htm" title="AccoF8aF8O (a;o<"><li>AccoF8aF8O (a;o<</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="rsjfa.htm" title="$545@0F8O @CAA:>O7KG=KE 52@59A:8E >@30=870F89 2AB@0;88"><li>$PEOA</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="discussion_club.htm" title="8A:Ccc8o==K9 K;C1"><li>8A:Ccc8o==K9 K;C1</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="menorah.htm" title="C@=0; Me=opa"><li>C@=0; Me=opa</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="radio_shalom.htm" title="Pa48o (a;o<"><li>Pa48o (a;o<</a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="facts.htm" title="Ka;e=4apL co1KB89"><b>Ka;e=4apL co1KB89</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="our_life.htm" title=">2>AB8 0H59 1I8=K"><b>>2>AB8 0H59 1I8=K</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="australia.htm" title="2AB@0;8O"><b>2AB@0;8O</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="world.htm" title="8@"><b>8@</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="literature.htm" title="8B5@0BC@0 8 A:CAAB2o"><b>8B5@0BC@0 8 A:CAAB2o</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="history.htm" title="AB>@8O"><b>AB>@8O</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="customs_traditions.htm" title="@074=8:8 8 "@048F88"><b>@074=8:8 8 "@048F88</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="businesses.htm" title="87=5AK 8 5:;0<0"><b>87=5AK 8 5:;0<0</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="leisure.htm" title=">AC3"><b>>AC3</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="archive.htm" title="Archive"><b>@E82</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="tv.doc" title="po3pa<<a PoAA89A:>3o Te;e284e=8O"><b>PoAA89c:>e TB</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="links.htm" title="0H8 >=B0:BK"><b>0H8 >=B0:BK</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="contact_us.htm" title="8H8B5 =0<"><b>8H8B5 =0<</b></a></td></tr> <tr bgColor='#FFFFFF'><td onMouseover="this.bgColor='ccffff'" onMouseout="this.bgColor='#FFFFFF'"><a href="http://www.amechad.com.au/" title="Archive"><b>Am Echad</b></a></td></tr> </table> </td> <td width="60%" valign="top" > <div align=center> <h1>Pa48o (a;o<</h1> </div> <hr> <div align=center><h1> " !" !</h1> <b>(?5@540G0 ?@>72CG0;0 2 MD8@5 3.03.06)</b></div> >340 70E>48B @5GL >1 >?0A=>AB8 @048:0;L=>3> 8A;0<87<0, =5@54:> <>6=> A;KH0BL, GB> @048:0;87< =5 A2>9AB25=5= 8AB8==><C 8A;0<C, GB> 8A;0<, :0: 8 2A5 3;02=K5 <8@>2K5 @5;8388, CG8B <8@>;N18N 8 4>1@C.  2 4>:070B5;LAB2> ?@82>4OBAO A>>B25BAB2CNI85 AB8E8 87 >@0=0. > >:07K205BAO, AAK;:8 =0 B0:85 AB8E8 =8G53> =5 4>:07K20NB, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 D>@<0;L=> >B<5=5=K. -B> C1548B5;L=> ?>:070=> 2 AB0BL5, >?C1;8:>20==>9 2 ?@>H;>< 3>4C 2 6C@=0;5 «>2K9 <8@». 07K205BAO AB0BLO «"5>;>38O =0AE0. >7<>65= ;8 ?@>4C:B82=K9 480;>3 %@8AB80=AB20 8 A;0<0?».  @57C;LB0B5 0=0;870 B5:AB0 >@0=0 8 8A;0<A:8E B5>;>3>2 02B>@ AB0BL8, 0;5@89 !5=45@>2, ?@8E>48B : 25AL<0 B@52>6=K< 8 ?5G0;L=K< 2K2>40<. >@>B:> 3>2>@O, >=8, MB8 2K2>4K, A2>4OBAO : <KA;8, ?>MB8G5A:8 2K@065==>9 >A8D>< @>4A:8< 2 AB@>G:0E, :>B>@K5 !5=45@>2 27O; M?83@0D>< : A2>59 AB0BL5:<br><br> «>;C<5AOF ?;K2QB 2 70?K;Q==>< >:>==>< AB5:;5<br> 04 :@5AB0<8 >A:2K, :0: ;8E0O ?>1540 A;0<0». <br><br> >38:0 AB0BL8 B0:>20. >4 >1;>6:>9 A> A;>2><  >@0= 5ABL 425 @07=K5 :=838. 5@20O 87 =8E, A B5:AB>2 :>B>@>9 >@0= =0G8=05BAO, ?@87K205B : <8@>;N18N, ?@>I5=8N 8 4>1@C. 0A?@>AB@0=OBL 8A;0< :0: 8AB8==CN @5;838N ?@54;0305BAO <5B>4>< C15645=8O. -B> @0==89 >@0=, >@0= <5::0=A:>3> ?5@8>40. > ?>A;5 A2>53> ?5@5<5I5=8O 87 5::8 2 548=C @>@>: AB0; ?>;CG0BL >B ;;0E0 C65 =5A:>;L:> 8=K5 C:070=8O.  ?OB>9 AC@5 3>2>@8BAO:  B5, :>B>@K5 2>NNB A ;;0E>< 8 3> ?>A;0==8:><, 1C4CB C18BK 8;8 @0A?OBK, 8;8 1C4CB >BA5G5=K C =8E @C:8 8 =>38 =0:@5AB, 8;8 1C4CB >=8 873=0=K 87 75<;8.   A?>A>1K @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 8AB8==>9 25@K C65 8=K5:   :>340 2K 2AB@5B8B5 B5E, :>B>@K5 =5 C25@>20;8, B>  C40@ <5G>< ?> H55  . @8<5=5=85 A8;K ?@>B82 =525@=KE :0B53>@8G5A:8< >1@07>< ?@54?8AK205BAO <CAC;L<0=0< AB8E0<8 >4=>3> 87 ?>A;54=8E, 206=59H8E >B:@>25=89 >@0=0  AC@K ?>4 =0720=85<  >:0O=85 (AC@0 IX). AB>@8G5A:>5 >1JOA=5=85 ?@>B82>@5G82>AB8 >@0=0 A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> <8@=0O, <5::0=A:0O ?@>?>254L CE0<<540 CA?5E0 =5 8<5;0. >74=55 65, ?5@51@02H8AL 2 548=C, >= A>1@0; 2>:@C3 A51O ?@540==KE 8 ?>-1>52><C =0AB@>5==KE A>@0B=8:>2.  GB> =5 C4020;>AL <8@=>9 ?@>?>2548, B> AB0;> 2?>;=5 2>7<>6=K<  4>:070BL A ?><>ILN 2>5==>9 A8;K. > 2@5<5=8 A2>59 A<5@B8 2 632 3>4C @>@>: CAB0=>28; <CAC;L<0=A:>5 ?@02;5=85 =0 2A59 B5@@8B>@88 @0288, 1>;LH8=AB2> 55 68B5;59 1K;8 >1@0I5=K 2 A;0<.. 07<0E 8A;0<A:>9 M:A?0=A88 >:070;AO C=8:0;L=K<, >= =5 8<55B 0=0;>3>2 2 E>@>H> 87CG5==>9 52@>?59A:>9 8 1;86=52>AB>G=>9 8AB>@88 ?>A;54=8E BKAOG5;5B89.  <>I=K< 4CE>2=K< >@C685< MB>9 M:A?0=A88 A;C68;8  >:0O=85 8 4@C385 ?>4>1=K5 B5:ABK. 1 MB>< ?8HCB 8 <CAC;L<0=A:85 CG5=K5.  AB0BL5 ?@82>4OBAO A;>20 :@C?=>3> A>2@5<5==>3> <CAC;L-<0=A:>3> <KA;8B5;O 14C;;0E8 E<54 =-08<:  "5:ABK 8 ?@0:B8:0, >B=>AOI85AO : <& > ?5@8>4C ?@51K20=8O @>@>:0 2 5::5, @0AA<0B@820;8AL :0: E0@0:B5@=K5 4;O ?5@5E>4=>9 AB0488 @0728B8O A;0<0 8 ?@>48:B>20==K5 B0:B8G5A:8<8 A>>1@065=8O<8, 0 8<5==>, <0;K< G8A;>< 8 >B=>A8B5;L=>9 A;01>ABLN <CAC;L<0= =0 MB>< MB0?5. >340 65 =0G0;AO <0AA>2K9 ?5@5E>4 0@01>2 2 A;0< 8 2 548=5 1K;> >1@07>20=> 8A;0<A:>5 3>AC40@AB2>, AB0;> OA=>, GB> <CAC;L<0=5 C65 4>AB0B>G=> A8;L=K, GB>1K @0A?@>AB@0=OBL A2>N 25@C ?@8=C645=85< 8 ?>4G8=OBL A515 2@03>2 8A;0<A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20 :0: 2=CB@8, B0: 8 2=5 <CAC;L<0=A:>9 >1I8=K . <br><br> B0:, @57N<8@C5B 02B>@ AB0BL8: B5>@8O  42CE A;0<>2 >:07K205BAO :0: 1C4B> 2?>;=5 25@=0.  @07 B0:, 7=0G8B, A;54C5B 8A:0BL AB>@>==8:>2 1;87:>9 =0< ?> 4CEC <5::0=A:>9 G0AB8 >@0=0, : =8< 8 =04;568B >1@0I0BLAO 2 ?>8A:5 480;>30 A 8A;0<A:8< <8@><. 4=0:> 4;O B0:>3>  C<5@5==>->?B8<8AB8G5A:3> 273;O40 =0 E@8AB80=A:>-8A;0<A:89 480;>3 >:07K205BAO =5B 4>AB0B>G=KE >A=>20=89. A5 45;> 2 B><, GB> <8@ A;0<0 =0H5; =5>6840==K9 4;O =0A A?>A>1  A>3;0A>20=8O ?@>B82>@5G82KE A2OI5==KE B5:AB>2. 5>6840==K9, >4=0:> 65 35=80;L=> ?@>AB>9, =07K205BAO >= <b> =0AE <b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br><br> <u> 2>B :;NG52>9 2K2>4 AB0BL8:</u> H8@>:> 8 >E>B=> B@0=A;8@C5<K5 =K=5 =0 E@8AB80=A:CN 0C48B>@8N  <5::0=A:85 AB8E8 <b>402=> >B<5=5=K</b> 2 :0G5AB25 =>@<K ?>2545=8O <CAC;L<0=8=0 ?> >B=>H5=8N : =525@=K< (:  =5?@028;L=K< <CAC;L<0=0<, 2?@>G5<, B>65). <br><br> 0: >B<5G05B 02B>@ AB0BL8, 5ABL 8 B0:85 8A;0<A:85 1>3>A;>2K, :>B>@K5 =5 2?>;=5 A>3;0A=K A ?@8=F8?>< =0AE0. > 8 8E B@0:B>2:8 ?@>B82>@5G89 >@0=0 =5 2=CH0NB >?B8<87<0. "0: 8725AB=K9 A>2@5<5==K9 1>3>A;>2 E<04 %0A0= CB25@6405B, GB> @07;8G=K5 ?@028;0 ?@>AB> >B=>AOBAO : @07=K< A8BC0F8O<: AB8E8 <5::0=A:>3> ?5@8>40 >B=>AOBAO : ?5@8>4C, :>340 <CAC;L<0=5 1K;8 A;01K 8 =5 <>3;8 A>?@>B82;OBLAO, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: <548=A:85 AB8E8, A>45@60I85 ?@87K2 : 468E04C, >B=>AOBAO : ?5@8>4C, :>340 A8;K <CAC;L<0= ACI5AB25==> C:@5?8;8AL.  2>B :0:>9 2K2>4 45;05B 87 MB>9 :>=AB0B0F88 E<04 %0A0=: <u> A;8 <CAC;L<0=5,  ?8H5B >=,  345-B> >:07K20NBAO 2 A;01>< ?>;>65=88, >=8 <>3CB <b>2@5<5==> </b> B5@?5BL 03@5AA8N =5<CAC;L<0=. > ?@8 MB>< 8E 4>;3  3>B>28BLAO : 1>@L15 8 AB@5<8BLAO : B><C, GB>1K AB0BL <>I=K<8. >340 65 >=8 AB0=CB <>I=K<8, >B =8E B@51C5BAO 68BL 2 A>AB>O=88 3>B>2=>AB8 : 1>@L15 8 ?>4@K20BL 2;0ABL 2@03>2 A;0<0 . </u><br><br> A;8 ?@8=OBL B>G:C 7@5=8O E<040 %0A0=0, B> 15A?@5@K2=K5 A53>4=OH=85 C25@5=8O 8A;0<A:8E ;845@>2 >AA88:  >@0= >AC6405B B5@@>@87<  =8 2 :>5< A;CG05 =5 ?>:06CBAO =57=0=85< 8;8 ;C:02AB2><.A5 7=0G8B5;L=> 1;03>?@8AB>9=55: A53>4=O 2 >AA88 ?>:0 5I5 B5>;>38G5A:8 ?@028;L=>  B5@?5BL 03@5AA8N =5<CAC;L<0= 8 F8B8@>20BL 8<5==> <5::0=A:85 AB8E8. <br><br> !:>;L:> @07 =0A, 52@>?59F52, - 3>2>@8BAO 2 AB0BL5, - ?@54C?@5640;8: @07=K5 :C;LBC@K @072820NBAO =0 @07=KE 107>2KE ?@8=F8?0E, >=8 =5 A?>A>1=K ?>=OBL 4@C3 4@C30 ?> ACI5AB2C. >6=> 70CG8BL O7K:8, <>6=> ?@>G5ABL A2OI5==K5 :=838 8=>3>  B5< >?0A=55 1C45B 8;;N78O ?>=8<0=8O, 5A;8 BK ?>?KB05HLAO ?@8<5=8BL : =5<C, 8=><C, ?@82KG=K5 B515 ?>=OB8O 8 <5@:8. > 3;02=>3>  3;C18=K 2>2A5 =5 A53>4=OH=59, 0 8725G=>9 ?@>?0AB8  <K ?>-?@56=5<C 2845BL =5 <>65< 8 =5 E>B8<. <br><br> "0: 2>7<>65= ;8 2A5-B0:8 480;>3 %@8AB80=AB20 8 A;0<0?  A?@0H8205B 2 70:;NG5=85 02B>@.  ?@>4>;605B: E@8AB80=A:>5 <KH;5=85, B0: C6 >=> CAB@>5=>, 2A5 @02=> 1C45B 8A:0BL 53>. , 1KBL <>65B, ?5@A?5:B82K 480;>30 2A5-B0:8 =5 2?>;=5 157=0456=K. 0@8A>20==0O 2KH5 :0@B8=0  MB> 2A5-B0:8 AE5<0, 0 =8:0:0O AE5<0 =5 >E20BK205B 2A5 @50;L=>5 1KB85. <br><br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br><br> <hr> <div align=center><h1>, ( </h1> (?5@540G0 5 O=20@O 20063)</div><br><br>  <8=C2HCN =545;N 2 7@08;5 ?@>87>H;> A>1KB85, :>B>@>5 ?>25@3;> 2 H>: 3@0640= MB>9 AB@0=K, 2K720;> H8@>:89 <564C=0@>4=K9 @57>=0=A, ?>@>48;> ?>B>: :><<5=B0@852 8 ?@>3=>7>2. / 8<5N 2 284C B>, > G5< 2K =025@=O:0 7=05B5 - 2 A@54C, 4 O=20@O, ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@ 7@08;O @8M;L (0@>= 1K; 3>A?8B0;878@>20= 2 1>;L=8FC "40A0" (-9=-0@5<). 803=>7 - BO65;K9 8=AC;LB A >1H8@=K< :@>2>87;8O=85< 2 <>73.<C 1K;0 A45;0=0 A;>6=0O <=>3>G0A>20O >?5@0F8O. 0 A53>4=O A>AB>O=85 @8M;O (0@>=0 >AB05BAO :@09=5 :@8B8G5A:8<. = =0E>48BAO 2 @50=8<0F88 8 ?>4:;NG5= : 0??0@0BC 8A:CAAB25==>3> 4KE0=8O. @0G8 =5 C25@5=K, >G=5BAO ;8 >= >B =0@:>70. 5:>B>@K5 M:A?5@BK ?>;030NB, GB> >?0A=>ABL ;5B0;L=>3> 8AE>40 1;87:0 : 100%.<br><br> >O28;8AL 4065 A>>1I5=8O > B><, GB> (0@>= C65 C<5@. E >?@>25@3 5=5@0;L=K9 48@5:B>@ 85@CA0;8<A:>9 1>;L=8FK "40AA0" ?@>D5AA>@ (;><> >@->A5D. <br><br>  A?5F80;L=>< 70O2;5=88 4;O ?@5AAK 3>2>@8BAO, GB> A>AB>O=85 3;02K ?@028B5;LAB20 ?>-?@56=5<C >AB05BAO :@09=5 BO65;K<, >4=0:> 2@0G8 >F5=820NB 53> :0: AB018;L=>5. <br><br> = =0E>48BAO ?>4 =0@:>7>< 2 @50=8<0F8>==>< >B45;5=88 1>;L=8FK. <br><br> A=>2=>9 7040G59 <548:>2 =0 40==>< MB0?5, ?> A;>20< ?@>D5AA>@0 >@->A5D0, O2;O5BAO AB018;870F8O 2=CB@8G5@5?=>3> 402;5=8O C @8M;O (0@>=0. <br><br> > A?5F80;8ABK ?>;030NB, GB> <>6=> =045OBLAO B>;L:> =0 GC4>.  5A;8 >=> ?@>87>945B 8 >@30=87< (0@>=0 A<>65B >?@028BLAO >B C40@0, 5<C 3@>78B 687=L "@0AB5=8O". "0:>20 <548F8=A:0O A8BC0F8O. <br><br> >, :0: ?>;030NB ?>GB8 2A5 :><<5=B0B>@K, A 1>;57=LN @8M;O (0@>=0 A2O70=0 8 ?>;8B8G5A:0O A8BC0F8O =5 B>;L:> 2 7@08;5, => B0:65 2 ;86=52>AB>G=>< @538>=5 8 4065 2> 2A59 <564C=0@>4=>9 ?>;8B8:5. 1> (0@>= C65 =5 A<>65B 2AB0BL 2> 3;025 2@59A:>3> 3>AC40@AB20.  :B> 8< AB0=5B, :0:CN ?>;8B8:C 8715@5B 8 =0A:>;L:> A8;L=K< ?>;8B8:>< >:065BAO - 2KOA=8BAO ?>A;5 ?@>2545=8O 4>A@>G=KE ?0@;0<5=BA:8E 2K1>@>2 28 <0@B0 MB>3> 3>40. > 2AO:>< A;CG05, =0 3>@87>=B5 =5 284=> ?>:0 ?>;8B8:0, @02=>3> ?> <0AHB01C (0@>=0, ;845@0, :>B>@K9 <>3 ?>9B8 =0 A<5;K5 =5?>?C;O@=K5 <5@K. <br><br>  =0AB>OI89 <><5=B A>3;0A=> 70:>=C ?5@2K9 28F5-?@5<L5@ -EC4 ;L<5@B 2@5<5==> 2ABC?8; 2 4>;6=>ABL ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0. <C >15I0;8 ?>445@6:C =K=5H=85 G;5=K ?@028B5;LAB20, 8 GB> 206=> - ?0@B8O 8:C4 @5H8;0 =5 >B7K20BL 87 ?@028B5;LAB20 <8=8AB@>2-G;5=>2 A2>59 ?0@B88, GB> ?>72>;8B ?@028B5;LAB2C DC=:F8>=8@>20BL 1>;55 C25@5==> 2 ?@542K1>@=K9 ?5@8>4. <br><br> B> B0:>9 -EC4 ;L<5@B? >B :@0B:0O A?@02:0: <br><br> = @>48;AO 2 19453. !;C68; 2 0@<88, @01>B0; 2>5==K< :>@@5A?>=45=B>< 2 0@<59A:>9 3075B5. 0:>=G8; 2@59A:89 C=825@A8B5B 2 5@CA0;8<5 A> A?5F80;870F859 ?A8E>;>38O, D8;>A>D8O 8 N@8A?@C45=F8O.  1973 3>4C 2 2>7@0AB5 28 ;5B 1K; 871@0= 2 =5AA5B >B ?0@B88 «8:C4». %>BO >= 1K; 45?CB0B>< >B ?@02>3> :@K;0 ?0@B88 "8:C4", 2 1990 3>4C >= ?>@20; A @048:0;L=>9 D@0:F89 ?0@B88, 2AB02 =0 ?>78F88 ;52KE, ?@54;>682H8E ?0;5AB8=F0< A0<>C?@02;5=85 2 @0<:0E 02B>=><88.  1993 3>4C >= A<5=8; =0 ?>ABC <M@0 5@CA0;8<0 "5448 >;;5:0, 8 C?@02;O; 5G=K< 3>@>4>< =0 ?@>BO65=88 45AOB8 ;5B. <br><br>  B@C4=>5 2@5<O @50;870F88 ?@>3@0<<K >4=>AB>@>==53> @07<56520=8O 8 2KE>40 87 A5:B>@0 07K >= ?>;=>ABLN 1K; =0 AB>@>=5 (0@>=0. <5AB5 A =8< >= ?>:8=C; @O4K "8:C40" 8 2>H5; 2 A>AB02 ?0@B88 "048<0".>A;5 2KE>40 87 A>AB020 :>0;8F8>==>3> ?@028B5;LAB20 <8=8AB@>2 >B ?0@B88 "2>40" 2 @C:0E ;L<5@B0 >:070;8AL 12 <8=8AB5@A:8E ?>@BD5;59. <br><br> 0: A>>1I0NB !, -EC4 ;L<5@B ?@>25; 2G5@0 M:AB@5==>5 70A540=85 ?@028B5;LAB20 4;O >1AC645=8O A8BC0F88, A;>682H59AO 2 A2O78 A 3>A?8B0;870F859 @8M;O (0@>=0. <br><br> = A>>1I8;, GB> ?@028B5;LAB2> ?@>4>;68B :C@A ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0 8 1C45B 459AB2>20BL AB>;L 65 A?;>G5==> 8 MDD5:B82=>, :0: ?@5645. <br><br> <div align=center>---</div> ><<5=B0B>@K ?KB0NBAO 40BL >B25B =0 2>;=CNI89 2A5E 2>?@>A - B> A<5=8B @8M;O (0@>=0 2> 2;0AB8? >B >4=0 87 B0:8E ?>?KB>:  2 3075B5 00@5F: <br><br> 'B> ?@>87>945B, 5A;8 @8M;L (0@>= ?> A>AB>O=8N 74>@>2LO 2K=C645= 1C45B >B>9B8 >B 45;? 0: 1C45B 2K3;O45BL ?>;8B8G5A:0O :0@B0 7@08;O 2 ?>ABH0@>=>2A:CN M?>EC? <br><br> A5 ?@>3=>7K, AC;82H85 =5402=> A>740==>9 (0@>=>< ?0@B88 048<0 ?>@O4:0 40 <0=40B>2 8 ;53:CN ?>154C =0 2K1>@0E, =C640NBAO 2 :>@5==>9 @528788. <br><br> ;NG52CN @>;L 2 B0:>9 A8BC0F88 ?>;CG05B 8A?>;=ONI89 >1O70==>AB8 ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0 -EC4 ;L<5@B. ?;>BL 4> 2K1>@>2 28 <0@B0 =0 =53> 1C45B 2>7;>65=> =5;53:>5 1@5<O @C:>2>4AB20 AB@0=>9. 0@0;;5;L=> 048<5, B>;:>< =5 CA?52H59 >@30=87>20BL A2>N ?0@B89=CN AB@C:BC@C, ?@845BAO 871@0BL A515 =>2>3> ;845@0, 4>AB>9=>3> ?@5B5=4>20BL =0 4>;6=>ABL ?@5<L5@0. <br><br> ><8<> ;L<5@B0 745AL <>6=> =0720BL B0:8E :0=4840B>2, :0: &8?8 82=8 8 (0C;L >D07. 5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> A2>N :0=4840BC@C ?>?KB05BAO 2KAB028BL 8 (8<>= 5@5A, => 2 =K=5H=59 A8BC0F88 =0@>4 2@O4 ;8 A>3;0A8BAO 3>;>A>20BL 70 AB>;L ?>68;>3> G5;>25:0. <br><br> ! CE>4>< (0@>=0 2 87@08;LA:>9 ?>;8B8:5 >1@07C5BAO 78ONI0O ?CAB>B0. !2>8<8 459AB28O<8 =0 ?@>BO65=88 ?>A;54=8E ?OB8 ;5B >= A=8A:0; A515 <5AB> 2 F5=B@5 >1I5=0F8>=0;L=>3> :>=F5=ACA0 8 A;02C ?>;8B8:0, A@02=8<>3> - 2 8AB>@88 >AC40@AB20 7@08;L - B>;L:> A 0284>< 5=-C@8>=><. 8:>3> 87 4@C38E 459AB2CNI8E ?>;8:>2 =5;L7O 1K;> ?>AB028BL 4065 @O4>< A =8<! <br><br> <div align=center>---</div>  B>9 65 3075B5 00@5F >?C1;8:>20= 5I5 >48= :<<5=B0@89, :>B>@K9 :@0A=>@5G82> >703;02;5= - >=5F M?>E8 (0@>=0: <br><br> 57:>5 CEC4H5=85 A>AB>O=8O 74>@>2LO 3;02K ?@028B5;LAB20 A>740;> 2 87@08;LA:>9 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<5 AB@0==CN 8 H0B:CN A8BC0F8N. 1O70==>AB8 3;02K ?@028B5;LAB20 2 ?5@5E>4=K9 ?@542K1>@=K9 ?5@8>4 70=8<05B 28F5-?@5<L5@ -EC4 ;L<5@B.  ?@02OI59 ?0@B88 048<0 >BACBAB2CNB AB@C:BC@0 8 ?0@B0??0@0B, B0: GB> =5?>=OB=>, :0:8< >1@07>< 1C45B 871@0= ?@55<=8: (0@>=0 =0 ?>ABC ?@54A540B5;O. <br><br> >@L10 70 ?@5<L5@A:>5 :@5A;>, :0702H0OAO A>2A5< =5402=> A>;L=K< H>C @8M;O (0@>=0, AB0=>28BAO =5?@54A:07C5<>9. 50;L=KE ?@5B5=45=B>2 B@>5  ?@54A540B5;L 8:C40 8=LO<8= 5B0=8O3C, ?@54A540B5;L 2>4K <8@ 5@5F 8 B>B, :B> ?@845B =0 A<5=C (0@>=C 2 048<5.  ;N1>< A;CG05 7@08;L 645B A<5=0 ?>:>;5=89 2> 2;0AB=KE AB@C:BC@0E. !B>;L 65;0==0O A5@4FC 87@08;LA:>3> 8718@0B5;O AB018;L=>ABL, :>B>@CN, AC4O ?> >?@>A0<, <=>385 E>B5;8 ?@>4;8BL =0 4>?>;=8B5;L=K5 4 3>40, 7025@H8;0AL 2G5@0 25G5@><. <br><br> (0@>= 1K; 3>A?8B0;878@>20= =0 ?8:5 ?>?C;O@=>AB8 2 AB@0=5 8 70 55 ?@545;0<8, 2K720==>9 CA?5H=K< 8 3;04:8< >ACI5AB2;5=85< ?@>3@0<<K @07<56520=8O. 8@>2K5 ;845@K, :>B>@K5 2 ?@>H;>< AB>@>=8;8AL (0@>=0, ?>25@8;8, GB> >= 548=AB25==K9, :B> <>65B 4>18BLAO ?@>3@5AA0 =0 ?5@53>2>@0E A ?0;5AB8=F0<8, 8;8 >ACI5AB28BL 4>?>;=8B5;L=>5 >BABC?;5=85 A "B5@@8B>@89". !<5=0 ?>:>;5=89 2 87@08;LA:>< @C:>2>4AB25 G@520B0 =58725AB=>ABLN 8 2K7K205B B@52>3C 2> 2A5< <8@5... <br><br> <div align=center>---</div>  2>B >G5=L M<>F8>=0;L=K9 >B:;8: 3;02=>3> @540:B>@0 87@08;LA:>9 3075BK "00@82":3> AB0BLO >703;02;5=0- (0@>= A@0605BAO A> A<5@BLN, :0: =0 2>9=5 @0640= >AC40@AB20 7@08;L,- ?8H5B @540:B>@,- 4> 3;C18=K 4CH8 ?>B@OA;0 =>2>ABL > BO65;>9 1>;57=8 ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0. 5AL =0@>4 <>;8BAO 70 687=L 8 74>@>2L5 @8M;O (0@>=0. 1> (0@>=, A> 2A5<8 ?5@5?5B8O<8 53> =5?@>AB>9 2>5==>9 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 18>3@0D88, A> 2A5<8 53> ?;NA0<8 8 <8=CA0<8, =0 ?@>BO65=88 ?>A;54=8E ?>;C25:0 1K; >4=>9 87 A0<KE :>;>@8B=KE, 4><8=0=B=KE D83C@ 2 AB@0=5. >8AB8=5, A>;L 75<;8. <br><br>  @07=K5 ?5@8>4K 687=8 8 45OB5;L=>AB8 @8M;O (0@>=0 2 7@08;5 2A5340 =0E>48;8AL ;N48, :>B>@K5 3>@OG> ?>445@6820;8 53> 459AB28O - 0 1K;8 8 B5, :B> >AC640; 53> ?>ABC?:8, >65AB>G5==> :@8B8:CO 53> B> A;520, B> A?@020. 0: =8:B> 4@C3>9, >= C<5; =5 >AB02;OBL =8:>3> @02=>4CH=K<. > 2A5 <K ?>AB>O==> GC2AB2>20;8, GB> @8: - MB> >48= 87 =0A, GB> >= >@30=8G=0O G0ABL =0H53> =0@>40, >48= 87 A0<KE E0@0:B5@=KE 53> ?@54AB028B5;59 A> 2A5<8 ?@8ACI8<8 5<C 4>AB>8=AB20<8 8 =54>AB0B:0<8. <br><br>  >9=5 70 57028A8<>ABL, 2 18B25 70 0B@C=, @8: (0@>= ?>;CG8; BO65;59H55 @0=5=85 2 682>B. B 25@=>9 A<5@B8 53> A?0A;8 >4=>?>;G0=5. 0 A2>N 4>;3CN 687=L >= A>25@H8; 5I5 =5<0;> ?>4283>2, 70I8I0O AB@0=C 8 @8A:CO 687=LN. "5?5@L 53> AC4L10 2 @C:0E 2@0G59 - 8 A52KH=53>.  MB8 4=8 4065 A25BA:85 ;N48 >1@0I0NBAO : >3C A <>;L1>9 > A?0A5=88 ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@0. <br><br> ">;L:> 1K >= 2K74>@>25;! >B>< <K A=>20 A<>65< >AC640BL 8;8 E20;8BL 53> ?>;8B8G5A:CN ;8=8N. ;02=>5 - GB>1K 1K;> :>3> E20;8BL 8;8 >AC640BL. @8:, =5 CE>48! K =C6405<AO 2 B515. <br><br> <div align=center>--- </div> >;57=L (0@>=0 AB0;0 3;02=>9 =>2>ABLN ! 2> 2A5< <8@5. 5 AB0;0 8A:;NG5=85< 2AB@0;8O. 0 @048>, B5;52845=88 8 2 3075B0E B5<0 MB0 H8@>:> >1AC640;0AL 8 ?@>4>;605B >1AC640BLAO. AB5AB25==>, MB0 B5<0 >A25I05BAO 2 Australian Jewish News. > GB> <=5 E>G5BAO >A>1> >B<5B8BL  MB> @50:F8O 3075BK The Age, :>B>@CN, :0: 2K 7=05B5, =5 @07 >128=O;8 2 B><, GB> >=0 70=8<05B 0=B887@08;LA:CN 8 ?@>?0;5AB8=A:CN ?>78F8N. <br><br>  A53>4=OH=5< =><5@5 =0 ?5@2>9 ?>;>A5 ?><5I5= 1>;LH>9 ?>@B@5B @8M;O (0@>=0, 0 B0:65 1>;LH>9 <0B5@80; 1;86=525AB>G=>3> :>@@5A?>=45=B0 3075BK > 1>;57=8 (0@>=0 8 @50:F88 =0 =55 ?>;8B8G5A:8E ;845@>2. @><5 B>3>, A?5F80;L=0O ?>;>A0 ?>A2OI5=0 @0AA:07C > 687=8 8 45OB5;L=>AB8 (0@>=0, 0 B0:65 >?C1;8:>20=K 420 1>;LH8E <0B5@80;0 2 @0745;5 <=5=8O.  F5;>< <0B5@80;K MB8, 5A;8 8 =5 2> 2A5< :><?;8<5=B0@=K, B> ?> :@09=59 <5@5 A10;0=A8@>20=K. <br><br> 7 2KA:07K20=89 87@08;LA:8E ?>;8B8G5A:8E 45OB5;59 ?@8254C >4=>, ?@8=04;560I55 1K2H5<C =0H5<C A>>B5G5AB25==8:C, 8<O :>B>@>3>,O 4C<0N, E>@>H> 8725AB=> =0H8< A;CH0B5;O<  2834>@C 815@<0=C, ?@54A540B5;N ?0@B88 "0H 4>< 7@08;L".  8=B5@2LN 035=BAB2C 83=LNA >= 70O28;: <br><br> "!59G0A, :>340 <K 2A5 C?>205< =0 B>, GB> 87@08;LA:0O <548F8=0 A?>A>1=0 B2>@8BL GC45A0, @07C<55BAO, =5 2@5<O 70=8<0BLAO ?>;8B8G5A:8<8 A?5:C;OF8O<8 8 45;0BL ?@>3=>7K > B><, : :0:8< ?>A;54AB28O< <>3CB ?@825AB8 ?>A;54=85 A>1KB8O. <5AB5 A B5<, MB0 A8BC0F8O 5I5 @07 ?>4B25@48;0 ?@02>BC B5E, :B> 3>2>@8; > ?>@>G=>AB8 ?@0:B8:8 "?0@B89=>3> AB@>8B5;LAB20" =5 =0 G5B:>9 845>;>38G5A:>9 ?;0BD>@<5, 0 =0 ?>?C;O@=>AB8 >4=>3>-548=AB25==>3>, ?CABL 8 >G5=L E0@87<0B8G=>3> 8 70A;C65==>3> 45OB5;O". <br><br> " 5I5 >4=> A>>1@065=85. A;8 =0H8 2@038 @5H0B 8A?>;L7>20BL MB>, O:>1K, "A<CB=>5 2@5<O" 2 A2>8E 3@O7=KE F5;OE 8 @0AAG8BK20NB =0 @0A:>; 2 =0H5< >1I5AB25, B> >=8 2 >G5@54=>9 @07 3@C1> ?@>AG8B05BAO. 0H =0@>4 4>:070; A2>5 C<5=85 A?;0G820BLAO 2 :@8B8G5A:85 <8=CBK. 5 A><=520NAL, B0: ?@>87>945B 8 =0 A59 @07, 5A;8 :B>-=81C4L 2 "535@0=5, 0<0A:5 8;8 0<0;;5 @5H8B ?>;>28BL @K1:C 2 <CB=>9 2>45". <br><br> <b> >43>B>28; 3>@L "0=GC:</b> <hr> <b>-;;0= 0A8:0, 5;L1C@=</b> <div align=center> <h1>G5@: 52@59A:>9 8AB>@88 2AB@0;88</h1> <b>(>:>=G0=85, ?5@2CN G0ABL A<. 2 @E825)</b></div> <b>    " !"      1   +</b> >;LH85 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O 45OB5;L=>AB8 2 A2O78 A ?>;=>9 >B:@KB>ABLN 02AB@0;89A:>3> >1I5AB20 8 1C@=K< @0728B85< AB@0=K 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 >1CA;>28;8 «7>;>B>9 25:» 4;O 02B@0;89A:>3> 52@59AB20. 4=8< 87 ?@87=0:>2 CA?5H=>9 8=B53@0F88 52@552 2 02AB@0;89A:>5 >1I5AB2> O28;0AL B0 ;Q3:>ABL, A :>B>@>9 52@552 ?@8=8<0;8 2 <0A>=A:85 ;>68. =>385 52@58-<0A>=K AB0=>28;8AL 0AB5@>< A2>59 ;>68, 0 2 .# A;0282H89AO A2>59 1;03>B2>@8B5;L=>ABLN 6>= >C;AB>= AB0; 4065 70<5AB8B5;5< 5;8:>3> (Great) M0AB5@0. <br><br>  MB> 2@5<O 2 52@59A:>< >1I5AB25 ?@5>1;040;8 2KE>4FK 87 0=3;>-35@<0=A:8E AB@0=, 70=O2H85 :;NG52K5 ?>78F88 2 M:>=><8G5A:>9 8 :C;LBC@=>9 687=8.  MB>B ?5@8>4 ?@>8AE>48B :>=F5=B@0F8O 52@552 2 :@C?=59H8E 3>@>40E. A;8 2 1861 40% 52@552 68;8 2=5 MB8E 3>@>4>2, B> : 1921-<C >AB0;>AL B>;L:> 13%. 065 2 AB>;L 7=0G8B5;=KE AB>;8F0E HB0B>2: 45;0845, @8A15=5 8 %>10@B5 8 @0=55 =51>;LH>5 52@59A:>5 =0A5;5=85 ACI5AB25==> A=878;>AL <br><br>  =0G0;5 MB>3> ?5@8>40 52@58 A5;8;8AL ?@58<CI5AB25==> 2> 2=CB@83>@>4A:>9 7>=5, => ?>AB5?5==>, A?5@20 1>;55 7068B>G=K5 A;>8, 0 ?>B>< 8 >AB0;L=K5, ?5@542830;8AL 2> 2=53>@>4A:85 7>=K.  !84=55 : B0:8< >B=>AOBAO C;;0=30, 025@;8 8 M=428:(Woollahra, Waverley, Randwick) 0 2 5;L1C@=5:"C@>:, LN, >CD8;4, -;LAB5@28: 8 !0= 8;40 (Toorak, Kew, Caulfield, Elsternwick, St. Kilda). <br><br> !>>B25BAB25==>, 5A;8 2 =0G0;5 1850-E 3>4>2 3;02=K<8 70=OB8O<8 52@59A:>3> =0A5;5=8O 1K;8 <5;:0O B>@3>2;O, B> B5?5@L ?>AB5?5==> 52@58 =0G8=0NB 70=8<0BLAO D8=0=A0<8, =542868<>ABLN, B>@3>2;59 <0=CD0:BC@>9 8 :20;8D8F8@>20==K<8 @5<5A;0<8, ?>AB5?5==> 70?>;=OO 25@E=88 8 A@54=85 MB068 A>F80;L=>9 ?8@0<84K. >4 2;8O=85< @0228=>2 A=8605BAO CG0AB85 52@59AB20 2 ?5@5?@>4065 ?>45@60==KE B>20@>2 8 @>AB>2H8G5AB25. <br><br> !B@5<OAL 871560BL 48A:@8<8=0F88, 52@58 AB0@0;8AL 70=8<0BLAO A0<>45OB5;L=K<8 2840<8 A>F80;L=>9 0:B82=>AB8, E>BO 2 >B;8G85 >B :0B>;8:>2, >=8 =5 ?>425@30;8AL 48A:@8<8=0F88 ?@8 =09<5 2 :@C?=K5 D8@<K. <5AB5 A B5< 2 =0G0;5 19-3> 25:0 B>;L:> 2,2% 52@552 70=8<0;8AL A5;LA:8< E>7O9AB2><, E>BO 2 A@54=5< ?> AB@0=5 8< 70=8<0;8AL 40% =0A5;5=8O. <br><br> 5?@>?>@F8>=0;L=> 1>;LH>5 G8A;> 52@552 70=8<0;>AL C65 2 :>;>=80;>=>9 04<8=8AB@0F88 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, GB> >1CA;02;820;>AL =5 B>;L:> ;8G=K<8 0<18F8O<8, => 8 ?>=8<0=85< 206=>AB8 8<5BL A2>8E «?>A;>2» 2 3>AC40@AB25==KE >@30=0E. 5@2K< 52@55<, 70=O2H8< <5AB> 2 0:>=>40B5;L=>< A>1@0=88 (legislative chamber) 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88 2 1849 1K; 09>=5; !0<A>=(1820-1901) (Lionel Samson), 0 G5@57 5 ;5B 45?CB0B>< 0:>=>40B5;L=>3> A>1@0=8O .# 1K; 871@0= !0C; !0<CM;. B<5B8<, GB> B>;L:> 2 1858 10@>= >BH8;L4 70=O; <5AB> 2 @8B0=A:>9 0;0B5 1I8=. >74=55 !0C; !0<CM; 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O 70=8<0; ?>AB :07=0G5O .#. 6>@46 >M=(1842-1937) 1K;, ?> 2K@065=8N A>2@5<5==8:><, D8=0=A>2K< :C45A=8:>< 8 2 B5G5=85 A2>59 4>;3>9 687=8 70=8<0; ?>ABK ?@57845=B0 2 =5A:>;L:8E :@C?=59H8E :><?0=8OE, >AB0282 ?>A;5 A<5@B8 3@><04=>5 A>AB>O=85 2 511 BKA DC=B>2. LN8A 528(Lewis Levy)( (1815-1885), :@C?=K9 :C?5F, =5>4=>:@0B=> 8718@0;AO 2 0:>=>40B5;L=CN 0AA0<1;5N 8 0:>=>40B5;L=K9 A>25B .#. !0<CM; ;5:A0=45@ (1859-1938), C@>65=5F !84=5O, ?>;CG82 >1@07>20=85 2 5A;8 >;;5465, AB0; 70B5< ?@>D5AA>@>< 0=G5AB5@A:>3> C-B0 8 :@C?=59H8< 1@8B0=A:8< D8;>A>D><, 8 1K; =03@064Q= 2 1930 >@45=>< 70 70A;C38. <br><br> 0B0=8M;L 528(Levi)(1830-1908) 1K; ?5@2K< 52@55< 5;L1C@=0, :>B>@K9 8718@0;AO 2 ?0@;0<5=B HB0B0, ?@8G5<, 2 @07;8G=>5 2@5<O ?>1K20; 2 >158E 53> ?0;0B0E. <5@8:0=A:89 <C;B8-<8;;8>=5@ 8 >A=>20B5;L 2A5<8@=> 8725AB=>9 :>A<5B8G5A:>9 D8@<K %5;5= C18=HB59= =0G8=0;0 A2>N 45OB5;L=>ABL, :0: E>7O9:0 :>A<5B8G5A:>3> A0;>=0. 2 5;L1C@=5. 0 2@5<O 4> 5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 2 8:B>@80=A:>< ?0@;0<5=B5 ?>1K20;> 2 :0G5AB25 53> G;5=>2 15 52@552. A00: A00:A, ?>74=55 AB02H89 5=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@>< 2AB@0;88, C65 2 =0G0;5 1990-E =0G0; A2>N ?>;8B8G5A:CN :0@L5@C, :0: 45?CB0B ?0;0<5=B0, ?@54AB02;OO >:@C3 >3>=3(Bogong)., 0 70B5< 70=8<0; @O4 254CI8E 4>;6=>AB59 2 ?@028B5;LAB25 HB0B0 8:B>@8O. = 1K; >4=8< 87 254CI8E G;5=>2 $545@0;L=>9 >=25=F88, 0 ?>A;5 >1@07>20=8O $545@0F88, 1K; 871@0= 2 $545@0;L=K9 ?0@;0<5=B. <br><br> =>385 52@58 ?@8=8<0;8 45OB5;L=>5 CG0AB85 2 @01>B5 <5AB=KE >@30=>2 2;0AB8. 7 =8E =081>;55 2K40NI8<AO 1K; 5=460<8= 5=460<8=(Benjamin), :>B>@K9 1K; ?5@2K<, :B>, 1C4CG8 <M@>< 5;L1C@=0, ?>;CG8; @KF0@A:>5 720=85. <br><br> 5;8:0 @>;L, :>B>@CN 83@0;8 52@58 8 2 :C;LBC@=>9 687=8 2AB@0;88. 7 EC4>6=8:>2 AB>8B C?><O=CBL 6>75D0 >;K=A:>3>(Wolinski), -<0=CM;O $>:A0 8 09;A0 25@3C40.  <C7K:5 :@><5 A00:0 0B0=0 @01>B0;> <=>3> 1;5ABOI8E 8A?>;=8B5;59, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 65=I8=. 8@5:B>@>< !84=59A:>3> >@>;52A:>3> B50B@0 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O 1K; 6. C4<0=(Goodman). -;8M75@ >=B5D8>@8 <=>3> A45;0; :0: ?>?5G8B5;L 5;L1C@=A:>9 ?C1;8G=>9 181;8>B5:8, 0 ?>B><, :0: ?>?5G8B5;L 0F8>=0;L=>9 0;;;5@58 8:B>@88, 0 ?>74=55- ?@8 >A=>20=88 2 !84=55 :045<88 A:CAAB2, ?@54H5AB25==8:0 !84=59A:>9 0;;5@58 A:CAAB2. 4=8<8 87 =081>;55 2K40NI8EAO 6C@=0;8AB>2 B>3> 2@5<5=8 1K;8 >@8A @>4A:89(Brodsky).8 0B0= (?8;LD>35;L(Spielvogel). 7 C=825@A8B5BA:8E ?@>D5AA>@>2 2K40NI55AO <5AB>, :@><5 C?><8=02H53>AO D8;>A>D0 !0<CM;O ;5:G0=45@0,. 70=8<05B D8;>;>3 6>75D 659:>1A, : :>=FC 687=8 7=02H89 40 O7K:>2. 5@2K< ?@>D5AA>@><-65=I8=>9 2 2B@0;88 1K;0 52@59:0 ;048A 0@:A, :>B>@0O B0:65 1K;0 ?@57845=B>< 2AB@0;89A:>9 $545@0F88 #=825@A8B5BA:8E 65=I8=. <br><br> <b>!" !    1   </b><br><br> #G0AB85 02AB@0;89A:8E 52@552 2 MB>9 2>9=5 1K;> 7=0G8B5;L=K< 8 ?@52KH0;> <0;K5 @07<5@K 52@59A:>3> =0A5;5=8O. "0:, G8A;> <C6G8=- 52@552-CG0AB=8:>2 2>9=K ?> 2AB@0;88 A>AB028;> 2304, B> 5ABL 13%, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: A>>B25BAB2CNI89 ?>:070B5;L 4;O 2A53> =0A5;5=8O 1K; @025= B>;L:> 9.2%. -B> >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB>, ?>60;C9, 2?5@2K5 ?>A;5 @0AA5O=8O, 52@58, =0E>4OAL A@548 =552@552, ?>GC2AB2>20;8 B0:85 A2>1>4C 8 @025=AB2>. @><5 MB>3>, 52@58 >ICI0;8 ?@87=0B5;L=>ABL : @8B0=A:>9 <?5@88 8 2845;8 2 =59 30@0=B0 A2>59 157>?0A=>AB8. @8GQ<, MB8 GC2AB20 1K;8 E0@0:B5@=K =5 B>;L:> 4;O 2KE>4F52 87 @8B0=88, =>, >A>15==>, 4;O 8<<83@0=B>2 87 >AA88. 2@58 AB@0AB=> 65;0;8 ?>:070BL , GB> >=8 MB>3> 70A;C6820NB 8, >4=>2@5<5==>- >?@>25@3=CBL H8@>:> 1KB>202H55 A@548 0=B8A5<8B>2 <=5=85, GB> 52@58- ?;>E85 2>8=K. K40NICNAO @>;L 2 B0:>< >B=>H5=88 52@552 : 2>9=5 AK3@0;8 02B@0;89A:85 @0228=K. >;L7>202H85AO >3@><=K< 2;8O=85< @0118 >M=(Cohen)- 2 .# 8 @0118 0=3;>C(Danglow)-2 8:B>@88 ?>>I@O;8 CG0AB85 52@552 2 2>9=5. 0=3;>C ?@87K204:: «0H8 AK=>2LO 4>;6=K @0AA<0B@820BL =5 B>;L:> :0: 4>;3, => :0: ?@828;538N, CG0AB85 2 70I8B5 ?@02, A2>1>4 8 4>AB>8=AB20 MB>9 AB@0=K, 345 >=8 @>48;8AL, 8;8 :>B>@0O 8E CAK=>28;0...=3;8O 40;0 52@5O< ?>;=CN A2>1>4C 8 70I8BC, 8 52@58 , :>B>@K5 1K;8 AG0AB;82K ?@8=OBL MB8 1;030, 6064CB 4>:070BL A2>N ;N1>2L : =3;88.» 5A:>;L:> @0228=>2 ?@8=O;8 CG0AB85 2 2>9=5 2 :0G5AB25 :0??5;0=>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 0=3;>C, CG0AB2>202H89 70B5< 8 2> II <8@>2>9 2>9=5. <br><br> > >1I5<C <=5=8N 35=5@0; 6>= >=0H 1K; ;CGH8< 35=5@0;>< 2 02AB@0;89A:8E 2>>@C65==KE A8;0E 2> 2@5<O 1 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 8, 2>7<>6=>, 70 2AQ 2@5<O 8E ACI5AB2>20=8O... = =0G0; A2>N 2>5==CN ?>43>B>2:C 2> 2@5<O CGQ1K 2 C=825@A8B5B5, G8A;OAL 2 4-< 8:B>@80=A:>< AB@5;:>2>< 10B0;L>=5, 0 70B5<, 2 B5G5=85 21-3> 3>40, M?87>48G5A:8 ?>2KH0; A2>N 2>5==CN :20;8D8:0F8N 2 2>5==>9 30@=87>==>9 @B8;;5@88. 4=>2@5<5==> >= 70=8<0;AO 8=65=5@=>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN, 8 2 ?5@8>4 1913-15 1K; ?@57845=B>< 8:B>@80=A:>3> =AB8BCB0 =65=5@>2. 4=>2@5<Q==> A MB8< >= 1K; =07=0G5= :><0=48@>< 13-9 ?5E>B=>9 1@8304K, 0 :0: :><0=48@ 4-9 ?5E>B=>9 1@8304K CG0AB2>20; 2 2KA04:5 2>9A: 2 0;;8?>;5. 0:>=G8; >= 2>9=C :><0=4CNI8< 2AB@0;89A:>3> @<59A:>3> >@?CA0. 0E>4OAL =5?>A@54AB25==> 2 2>9A:0E, >= ?>;CG8; >B :>@>;O 5>@30 V @KF0@A:>5 720=85- =5>1KG09=CN 2 B5G5=85 AB>;5B89 G5ABL. 7 4@C38E 2K40NI8EAO 2>5==KE @C:>2>48B5;59 AB>8B >B<5B8BL @CAA:>3> 52@5O -;8M75@0 0@3>;8=0, :>B>@K9 >B;8G8;O 2 1>OE C 0;;8?>;8, 0 70B5< 2>520; ?>4 :><0=4>20=85< 35=@0;0 >=0H0 2> $@0=F88, 345 ?>;CG8; G8= ?>4?>;:>2=8:0. 0:>=G8; >= 2>9=C =0 0;5AB8=A:>< D@>=B5 2 :0G5AB25 :><0=48@0 2@59A:>3> ;538>=0. <br><br> 1 <8@>20O 2>9=0 CA8;8;0 02B>@8B5B 52@552 2 2AB@0>88 8 70:@5?8;0 2 =8E GC2AB2> @02=>?@02=KE G;5=>2 2> 2A5E A;>OE >1I5AB20. <br><br> <b>!" !   ! 1-   +</b><br><br> 20-5 3>4K E0@0:B5@=K CA:>@5=85< 0AA8<8;OF88 52@552 2AB@0;88. -B><C A>459AB2020;> =5A:>;L:> O2;5=89, ?5@2K< 87 :>B>@KE 1K;> C25;8G5=85 <56MB=8G5A:8E 1@0:>2, 0 B0:65 8=B53@0F8O 52@552 2 02AB@0;89A:>5 >1I5AB2>. @8G5<, 745AL ACI5AB2>20;0 4>AB0B>G=> A8;L=0O >1@0B=0O A2O7L: C25;8G5=85 <56MB=8G5A:8E 1@0:>2 O2;O;>AL =5 B>;L:> ?@8G8=>9 B>3>, GB> 45B8 AB0=>28;8AL, G0I5 2A53> =552@5O<8, => 8 A0<8 <56MB=8G5A:8 1@0:8 AB0=>28;8AL 2>7<>6=K<8 2A;54AB285 ?>B5@8 52@O<8 A2>59 =0F8>=0;L=>9 845=B8G=>AB8. A5 65 ?5@2>?@8G8=>9 B0:8E 1@0:>2, :0: O2;5=8O, O2;O;AO 3>@074> <5=LH89 ?@>F5=B 65=I8=, G5< <C6G8= 2 52@59A:8E >1I8=0E, 8, E>BO 2>9=0 C=5A;0 <=>3> <>;>4KE <C6A:8E 687=59, 48A?@>?>@F8O ?>;>2 7=0G8B5;L=> =5 C<5=LH8;0AL. ">;L:> 2 8:B>@88 8 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88 :>;8G5AB2> 52@552 2>7@>A;>, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 2 "0A<0=88, .6=>9 2AB@0;88 8 28=A;5=45 A8;L=> A>:@0B8;>AL. 57=0G8B5;L=> A>:@0B8;>AL 52@59A:>5 =0A5;5=85 8 .#. <br><br> #<5=LH5=85 :>;8G5AB20 45B59 2 A<5H0==KE A5<LOE, 0 B0:65 8 B@C;=>AB8 ?5@5E>40 2 8C4087< ?@82>48;8 : B><C, GB> A<5H0==K5 A5<L8 G0I5 2A53> AB0=>28;8AL =552@59A:8<8. ;O @C:>2>48B5;59 52@59A:8E >@30=870F89 8=B53@0F8O 52@552 2 548=>5 >1I5AB2> G0AB> O2;O;0AL ?@54<5B>< 3>@4>AB8, 8 MB8 @C:>2>48B5;8 =5>4>1@8B5;L=> >B=>A8;8AL : A>740=8N @07;8G=KE 52@59A:8E >@30=870F89, =0?@8<5@ 52@59A:8E A?>@B82=KE :;C1>2.  1933, ?@8 >1I5< =57=0G8B5;L=>< @>AB5 52@59A:>3> =0A5>5=8O 2AB@0;88 4> 23,5 BKA,. ?@>F5=B 52@59A:>3> =0A5;5=8O A=878;AO >B 0,40 2 1921 4> 0,36, 4>AB83=C2 @5:>@4=> =87:>9 >B<5B:8. <br><br>  MB> 2@5<O ?@028B5;LAB2> 8 0=3;8:0=A:0O F5@:>2L ?@>2>48;8 ?>;8B8:C «15;>92AB@0;88», 2 A>>B25BAB288 A :>B>@>9 2AQ =0A5;5=85 4>;6=> 1K;> A;54>20BL <i>:>=D>@<8B8</i>, =>@<0< A@54=53> :;0AA0 0=3;>A0:A>=A:>3> ?@>B5AB0=A:>3> 15;>3> =0A5;5=8O AB@0=K.  A>>B25BAB288 A MB8< 2A5 ?@81K202H85 2 AB@0=C 8<<83@0=BK 4>;6=K 1K;8 AB0=>28BLAO 53> G0ABLN. > ACB8, MB> 1K;0 ?@56=OO >1;03>@>65==0O ?>;8B8:0 A> AB0@K< ;>7C=3><:  4=0 AB@0=0, >48= :>@>;L, >4=0 @5;838O. "0:0O ?>;8B8:0 ?>4:@5?;O;0AL 0=0;>38G=>9 ?>;8B8:>9, ?@>2>482H59AO 2 MB> 2@5<O 2 !(. >;8B8:0 <i>:>=D>@<8B8</i> =5 =>A8;0 0=B8A5<8BA:89 E0@0:B5@ 8 ?>445@6820;0AL =5 B>;L:> =552@59A:8<8 ;845@0<8, => 8 52@59A:8<8, :0: A25BA:8<8, B0: 2 :0:>9-B> AB5?5=8 8 @5;838>7=K<8. 'B> :0A05BAO 52@59A:8E ;845@>2, B> 2>7=8:;0 A8BC0F8O O2=> ?0@>4>:A0;L=0O: AB@5<OAL : ?>;=>9 8=B53@0F88 52@552, @C:>48B5;8 52@59A:8E >1I8= 2 MB> 65 2@5<O 2>;=>20;8AL 70 A>E@0=5=85 52@59A:>9 A0<>1KB=>AB8. <5AB5 A B5<, =5 1K;> B0:65 8 A:>;L:>-=81C4L 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <8AA8>=5@A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, =0?@02;5==>9 =0 2>2;5G5=85 52@552 2 3>A?>4AB2>20HCN 0=3;8:0=A:CN @5;838N.. <br><br> /2;5=85<, :>B>@>5 70<54;8;> 0AA8<8;OF8N, AB0; ?@8574 2 AB@0=C 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 ?>;LA:8E 52@552. 8: ?@8H5;AO =0 1926-28 3>4K, :>340 2 2AB@0;8N ?@81K;> 2000 1565=F52 87 >;LH8. E 3=0; >BBC40 =0@0AB02H89 B0< 0=B8A5<8B87<. 0: @07 2 MB> 2@5<O ?@81K;> =51>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 52@552 8 87 !>25BA:>3> !>N70. E 70AB028;0 ?>:8=CBL AB@0=C =0@0AB02H0O C3@>70 A> AB>@>=K A>25BA:>9 2;0AB8 ?>:>=G8BL A =>2>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 ?>;8B8:>9, :>B>@0O 40;0 2>7<>6=>ABL <=>38< @CAA:8< 52@5O< @071>30B5BL. 0?@8<5@, 2 MB8 3>4K 2 5;L1C@= 8<<83@8@>20; 87 0@8C?>;O <=>3>G8A;5==K9 :;0= !<>@3>=>2, 2=5AH8E ?>74=55 7=0G8B5;L=K9 2:;04 2 M:>=><8G5A:CN 687=L 8:B>@88. <br><br> :>;> 70% ?>;LA:8E 52@552 >A5;> 2 5;L1C@=5, >:>;> 20%- 2 !84=55, <5=LI55 :>;8G5AB2> 2 5@B5 8 A>2A5< <0;>5- 2 @8A15=5 8 45;0845, =5 A:><?5=A8@>202 B0< C1K;L 52@552 87-70 0AA8<8;OF88.  .# 2 4204F0BK5 3>4K :>;8G5AB2> 52@552 B>65 =5A:>;L:> C<5=LH8;>AL ">;L:> 2 5;L1C@=5 8 5@B5 :>;8G5AB2> 52@552 C25;8G8;>AL.  ?>A;54=89 B0:65 ?@81K;> =5:>B>@>5 :>;8G5AB2> 52@552 0;5AB8=K. B=K=5 2 MB8E 42CE 3>@>40E ?5@5AB0NB 4><8=8@>20BL 0=3;>A0:A>=A:85 52@58.  5;L1C@=5 2>AB>G=>52@>?59A:85 52@58 A5;8;8AL 2 MB> 2@5<O 2 0@;B>=5 (Carlton), ?@8GQ<, 1>;LHCN @>;L 83@0; :;C1 «048<0»(Kadimah). C@A 048<K =0 2AOG5A:CN ?>445@6:C O7K:0 <i>848H</i> A?>A>1AB2>20; >3@><=>9 ?>?C;O@=>AB8 MB>3> >1I5AB25==>3> F5=B@0, 8 2 1932 2 0@;B>=5 1K; 70;>65= ?5@2K9 :0<5=L 2 >A=>20=85 =>2>3> 740=8O <i>048<K</i>. A=>20==>5 ?> 8=8F80B825 ?@57845=B0 <i>048<K </i>>1I5AB2> «M;:0< !MA0MB8» 2AB@5G0;> :>@01;8 8<<83@0=B>2, A=8<0;> 4;O =8E 68;LQ 8 ?><>30;> 2 CAB@>9AB25 =0 @01>BC. <br><br>  1922 @028B5;LAB2> ?@>25;> :B 70A5;5=8O 8<?5@A:8E 75<5;L(Empire Land Settlement Act), =0?@02;5==K9 =0 70A5;5=85 75<5;L 2 3;C18=:5 0=3;89A:8<8 8<<83@0=B0<8, 0 @8B0=8O 8 2AB@0;8O 4>3>2>@8;8AL > 2K45;5=88 4;O MB8E F5;59 45=53. 2@59A:85 ;845@K B0:65 >1@0B8;8AL : ?@028B5;LAB2C 4;O 2K45;5=8O G0AB8 MB>9 AC<<K 4;O >@30=870F88 52@59A:8E 75<;545;LG5A:8E ?>A5;5=89.  @57C;LB0B5 2 8:B>@88 1K;8 A>740=K 420 B0:8E ?>A5;5=8O: 2 (5?0@B>=5 8 5@28:5(Berwick), >4=0:> ?>A5;5=FK B0< =5 ?@868;8AL. <br><br>  MB> 2@5<O 02AB@0;89A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 2?5@2K5 22>48B >3@0=8G5=8O 8<<83@0F88. =8 1K;8 2K720=K =0?;K2>< 154=KE ?>;LA:8E 8<<83@0=B>2. !>74020;8AL >?0A5=8O, GB> MB8 8<<83@0=BK, G0AB> <0;>>1@07>20==K5, ?>?>;=OB G8A;> 154=KE 02AB@0;89F52. 3@0=8G5=85 ?@>O28;>AL 2 B@51>20=88 8<5BL 30@0=B0, 8 1K;> B0:65 @50:F859 =0 CAB0=>2;5=85 8<<83@0F8>==KE :2>B 2 !(<br><br> -B> 2@5<O O28;>AL M?>E>9 @0AF25B0 2 2AB@0;88 52@59A:>9 :C;LBC@K =0 848H. >A;5 ?5@5@K20 2 1925 2 5;L1C@=5 1K;8 A>740=K A@07C 425 B50B@0;L=K5 B@C??K, 2 5@B5 =0G8=0NBAO ?>AB0=>2:8 ?L5A =0 848H 8 82@8B5, 2@5<5==> 2>7=8:05B B50B@ A ?>AB0=>2:0<8 =0 848H 2 @8A15=5. 0G02H89 A2>N @01>BC =0 848H B50B@ 2 !84=55 2A:>@5 ?@5:@0B8; ACI5AB2>20=85: 0=3;>D8;LA:0O =0BC@0 A84=59A:8E 52@552 27O;0 A2>Q.  MB> 2@5<O ?>O2;O5BAO =5A:>;L:> A8=03>3 8 <>;5;L=KE 4><>2 2 @09>=5 0@;B>=(Carlton) 8 2=CH8B5;L=0O A8=03>30 A <54=K< :C?>;>< 2 @09>=5 "C@>:(Toorak) 2 5;L1C@=5.  !84=55 2 20-5 3>4K 1K;0 >A2OI5=0 A8=03>30 2 LNB0C=5, 0 B0:65 1>;LH0O A8=03>30 2 >=409 60=:H5=. 5A<>B@O =0 2AQ MB>, @5;838>7=0O 687=L 2 MB> 2@5<O =0E>48;0AL 2 A>AB>O=88 70AB>O, 0 A8=03>38 ?>A5I0;8AL A;01>. -B> 70AB02;O5B ;845@>2 >1I8= A>7420BL >1I5AB25==K5 F5=B@K.  1923 B>65AB25==>, 2 ?@8ACBAB288 6>=0 >=0H0, 1K; >B:@KB 2 !84=55 0::018M= %>;;(Maccabien Hall), O282H89AO >4=>2@5<5==> 8 <5<>@80;>< 1 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, 8 A?>@B82=K< 8 A>F80;L=K< :;C1><, 0 B0:65 ?>O28;8AL <>;>4Q6=K5 :;C1K.  5;L1C@=5 A>740NBAO 420 A>?5@=8G0NI85 N=>H5A:8E :;C10 8 >=0H %0C7, AB02H89 F5=B@>< A>F80;L=>9 687=8 2 0@;B>=5. <br><br>  5@B5 2 MB> 2@5<O =5C3><>==K9 @0118 $@84<0= A>740; 2@59A:89 B5==8A=K9 :;C1, 0 2 !84=55 @CAA:0O 52@59:0 4-@ $0==8 848=3(Fanny Reading) >@30=87>20;0 2 1923 0F8>=0;L=K9 !>25B 2@59A:8E 65=I8= (National Council of Jewish Women). 5A<>B@O =0 <=>385 2>7@065=8O, >4=>9, 87 7040G ! (NCJW) 4-@ 848=3 AG8B0;0 ?><>IL 0;5AB8=5 8 >@30=87>20;0 4;O MB>3> A1>@ A@54AB2.  MB> 65 2@5<O 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 ?>;CG8;> A8>=8ABA:>5 42865=85. 1927 2 5;L1C@=5 1K;> A>720=0 !8>=8ABA:0O 2AB@5G0, =0 :>B>@>9, :@><5 "0A<0=88, ?@8ACBAB2>20;8 ?@545B028B5;8 2A5E HB0B>2, 0 B0:65 ?@81K2H89 2 2AB@0;8N G;5= A?>;:><0 A5<8@=>9 !8>=8ABA:>9 @30=870F88 (Executive Council of World Zionist Organisation) , 4-@. .>;L4HB59=. 0 2AB@5G5 1K;0 AD>@<8@>20=0 2AB@0;89A:0O !8>=8ABA:0O @30=870F8O, ?>GQB=K< ?@57845=B>2 :>B>@>9 AB0; 6>= >=0H, 0 D0:B8G5A:8< @C:>2>48B5;5<-@0118 @>48 (Brodie). <br><br>  MB> 2@5<O =0G8=05B 2KE>48BL 2 !84=55 3075B0 <i>6N8H %@>=8:;</i>, AB02H0O >D8F80;L=K< >@30=>< !8>=8ABA:>9 @30=870F88 2AB@0;88 8 >2>9 5;0=488, 0 2 5;L1C@=5 :@><5 3075BK =0 0=3;89A:>< O7K:5 =0G0;0 2KE>48BL 3075B0 =0 848H. <br><br> <b>    "!" $+</b><br><br> -B8 3>4K E0@0:B5@87CNBAO 402;5=85<, :>B>@>5 >:07K20;>AL =0 02AB@0;89A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 8 >1I5AB2> A F5;LN 4>18BLAO :0: <>6=> 1>;LH59 8<<83@0F88 A?5@20 =5<5F:>3>, 0 ?>B>< 52@>?59A:>3> 52@59AB20. -B> 402;5=85 >:07K20;>AL :0: 872=5, B0: 8 87=CB@8. @0240, 2 ?5@2K5 3>4K ?>A;5 ?@8E>40 8B;5@0 : 2;0AB8 ?@028B5;LAB2> >B=>A8;>AL 1>;55 1;03>A:;>==> : =0?;K2C 1565=F52, G5< >1I5AB2>, ?@8GQ< =0?;K20 1565=F52 1>O;8AL :0: =552@58, B0: 8 52@58.  F5;>< B0:0O >1AB0=>2:0 A?>A>1AB2>20;0 @>ABC 0=B8A5<8B87<0 2 2AB@0;88, E>BO ?@85E02H89 2 2AB@0;8N ?>74=55 >48= 87 ;845@>2 B5@@8B>@80;8AB>2 A00: (B59=15@3 >B<5G0; E>@>H55 >B=>H5=85 : 52@5O< 2 AB@0=5. <br><br> !?5@20 :2>B0 ?@8Q<0 1565=F52, A>AB02;O;0 1800 G5;>25: 2 3>4, ?@8GQ<, :064K9 1565=5F, 8A:;NG0O ?@857602H8E =0 864525=85 A2>8E @>4AB25==8:>2, 4>;65= 1K; 8<5BL ?@8 A515 =5 <5=55 500 DC=B>2..!84=59A:85 52@59A:85 ;845@K 2> 3;025 A @0118 K>M= 1K;8 ?@>B82 C25;8G5=8O 8<<83@0F88, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: <5;L1C@=A:85 ;845@K @0118 @>48, 0=3;>C 8 >0A (Boas) B@51>20;8 C25;8G5=8O :2>B.  =0G0;5 1934 A>AB>O;0AL A>2<5AB=0O :>=D5@5=F8O, =0 :>B>@>9 1K;> @5H5=> ?@>A8BL ?@028B5;LAB2> > ?@8=OB88 >3@0=8G5==>9 3@C??K =5<5F:8E 52@552.  1936 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< !0<CM;O >M=0, 2 1937 AB02H53> ?5@2K< ?@57845=B>< 02AB@0;89A:>3> <i>6C8H 54D5@</i>, 1K; >@30=87>20= D>=4 ?><>I8 =5<5F:8< 52@5O< . <br><br>  0?@5;5 1938 ?> 8=8F80B825 C725;LB0 1K;0 A>720=0 ?> ?@>1;5<5 1565=F52 -280=A:0O :>=D5@5=F8O, 2 :>B>@>9 2 G8A;5 4@C38E AB@0= ?@8=O;0 CG0AB85 2AB@0;8O. 0 :>=D5@5=F88 !( A>3;0A8;8AL 2>7>1=>28BL :2>BK =0 ?@8Q< 1565=F52, 0 2AB@0;8O ?>>15I0;0 ?@8=OBL 2 B5G5=85 3-E ;5B 15 BKAOG. >>15I0;8 ?@8=OBL 1565=52 B0:65 @O4 AB@0= 0B8=A:>9 <5@8:8, 0=040 8 . . <br><br>  1938 A F5;LN :>;>=870F88 52@5O<8 75<5;L =0 A525@5 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88(2 @09>=5 8<15@;8) AN40 ?@81K; 4-@ . (B59=15@3 (Steinberg), >48= 87 @C:>2>48B5;59, A>740==>9 2 >=4>=5 2 1935 838 >A2>5=8O >2KE 5<5;L(Freeland Liga). 458 B5@@8B>@80;8AB>2 =0H;8 ?>445@6:C C 7=0G8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 02AB@0;89A:>3> >1I5AB20, 2 B>< G8A;5 ?@028B5;LAB20 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88 8 B@54-N=8>=>2, >4=0:>, 2 :>=5G=>< 8B>35, $545@0;L=>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> >B:;>=8;> ?@54;>65=85 > A>740=88 52@59A:8E 75<;545;LG5A:8E ?>A5;5=89, B0: :0: ?> 53> <=5=8N 2 MB8E ?>A5;5=8OE 3>A?>4AB20; 1K >1@07 687=8, >B;8G=K9 >B 8450;>2 <i>5;>9 2AB@0;88</i>.<br><br> @028B5;LAB2>, B5< =5 <5=55, 2K?>;=8;> A2>Q >15I0=85 2 >B=>H5=88 C25;8G5=8O :2>B, 8 2 1939 2AB@0;8O ?@8=O;0 5080 52@552. 4=0:>, ?@8Q< 8< 2 2AB@0;88 1K; >:070= 25AL<0 ?@>E;04=K9, ?@8G5<, =5 B>;L:> =552@5O<8= => 8 52@5O<8. -B> =5 1K;> =5?@8O7=LN : 52@5O<, MB> 1K;> =5?@O7=L : 8=>AB@0=F0<, :>B>@K5 AB0=CB :>=:C@8@>20BL =0 @K=:5 B@C40 2 AB@0=5, A B@C4>< >?@02;ONI59AO >B 45?@5AA88.  E>BO >A=>2=0O <0AA0 02AB@0;89A:8E ?>;8B:>2, F5@:>2L 8 =0A5;5=85 >AC640;8 8B;5@0, 8<5==> 2 MB> 2@5<O =0@0AB05B 2 2AB@0;88 0=B8A5<8B87<.. <br><br> <b>   / 2-   +</b><br><br> ! =0G0;>< 2>9=K 1K;> 70G8A;5=> 2> 2A5 @>40 2>9A: 3870 02AB@0;89A:8E 52@552, GB> A>>B25BAB2>20;> ?@>F5=B=><C A>>B=>H5=8N 52@552 : >1I5<C :>;8G5AB2C =0A5;5=8O. 081>;55 2K40NI8<8AO 87 =8E 1K;8 5=5@0;-<09>@ 0C; C;;5=(Coolen),:><0=4>202H89 10B0;L>=>< =0 A@54875<=><>@A:8E D@>=B0E, 0 ?>B><- =0 B8E>>:5=A:>< B50B@5 2>5==KE 459AB289 :><0=48@>< 10B0;L>=0, 0 2 :>=F5 2>9=K  :><0=48@>< ?5E>B=>9 1@8304K; E8@C@3 1@8304=K9 35=5@0; 6>75D !B593@04 (Steingrad), >@30=87>202H89 ?5@2K9 02AB@0;89A:89 3>A?8B0;L =0 ;86=5< >AB>:5, 8 =03@064Q==K9 QB=>9 540;LN 70 >B;8G85 0AA 8B5@ 975:A>= (Isaacson). <br><br> >A;5 =0G0;0 2>9=K(>1JO2;5=0 3.9.39) 2K?>;=5=85 >1O70B5;LAB2 ?> 2J574C 15000 1565=F52 1K;> ?@5:@0I5=>, 0 1565=FK 87 AB@0= 38B;5@>2A:>3> 1;>:0, 5@<0=88, 2AB@88 8 5=3@88, ?@81K2H85 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?5@54 =0G0;>< 2>9=K, 1K;8 >1JO2;5=K «2@030<8 A>N7=8:>2» 8 8=B5@=8@>20=K.  =8< ?@8A>548=8;8AL 1565=FK, 8=B5@=8@>20==K5 2 =3;88, :>B>@KE =0 :>@01;5 <i>N=5@0</i>(Dunera) 1@8B0=A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> >B?@028;> «>B 3@5E0 ?>40;LH5» 2 2AB@0;8N. ! 1>;LH8< >?>740=85<, => 2AQ 65 ;845@K >1I8= ?@8=O;8 CG0AB85 2 AC4L15 8=B5@=8@>20==KE ?>4 402;5=85< 8E A5<59 8 @>4AB25==8:>2.  1942, A?5@20 2 5;L1C@=5, ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< @0118 0=35@0 (Zanger), 0 70B5< 8 2 !84=55, ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< 4-@0 528(Levi) 8 4-@0 6>75D0, 1K;8 >@30=87>20=K 0AA>F80F88 1565=F52, >4=>9 87 7040G :>B>@KE O2;O;>AL C1548BL ?@028B5;LAB2> 8 >1I5AB>2>, GB> 1565=FK-52@58 O2;ONBAO 8E 25@=K<8 A>N7=8:0<8. <br><br> 565=FK :>=F0 30-E 2=5A;8 ACI5AB25==K5 87<5=5=8O 2 52@59A:CN >1I5AB25==CN 687=L. =>385 87 MB8E =0G8=0=89, :0:, =0?@8<5@, ;815@0;L=K5 A8=03>38, 1K;8 ?@54?@8=OBK @0=55, => ?>B5@?5;8 =5C40GC.  1930 2 5;L1C@=5 1K;0 >A=>20=0 ;815@0;L=0O A8=03>30, :>B>@0O B>;L:> ?>A;5 ?@85740 87 5@<0=88 @0118 4-@ 0=35@0 ?@8>1@5;0 ?>?C;O@=>ABL. = 65 1K; 8=8F80B>@>< >B:@KB8O B0:>9 A8=03>38 2 !84=55. >O2;5=85 ;815@0;L=KE A8=03>3 A?>A>1AB20;> A=865=8N 0AA8<8;OF88. K;8 >B:@KBK 8 =>2K5 >@B>4>:A0;L=K5 A8=03>38. >;CG8;8 ?>4:@5?;5=85 8 A8=03>38 45;084K, 5@B0, @8715=0 8 4065 %>10@B0. 30-5 3>4K C65 1K;0 :>=3@530F8O =0 >C;4 >AB 8 ?>;CG8;0 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 <i>LN:0A; E81@C :>=3@53M9H5= </i><br><br> 5704>;3> 4> =0G0;0 2>9=K 2 5;L1C@=A:>< C-B5 1K;0 >A=>20=0 A5<8BA:0O :0D54@0 ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< ?@>D. .>;L4<0=0, 0 2 !84=55 1K; >A=>20= ?5@2K9 52@59A:89 45BA:89 A04.  30-5 3>4K >B45;5=8O 6C8H M;D5@ ?>O2;ONBAO ?>GB8 2> 2A5E HB0B0E. 0 45=L38, ?@8A;0==K5 0<5@8:0=A:8<8 52@5O<8, 2 .# A>740NBAO :>;;5:B82=K5 D5@<K, ?>B5@?52H85 =5C40GC, 8 :>;;5:B82=K5 ?@54?@8OB8O, 8<52H85 1>;LH>9 CA?5E. >;CG05B 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 D8;0=B@>?8O, 2 B>< G8A;5, ?><>IL A8@>B0< 52@59A:8E 1565=FC2. <br><br> 0: @57C;LB0B ?>O2;5=8O 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 1565=F52 87 >AB>G=>9 2@>?K, ?>;CG0NB 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 :;C1K, 345 >1I0;8AL =0 848H. ;O ?@>?030=4K 8<15@;8 AE5<K (B59=15@3 A>740; 3075BC <i>AB@0;8M= 6C8H $>@C<</i>, 2KE>482HCN 8 ?>A;5 >BJ5740 (B59=15@30 87 2AB@0;88, 4> 1949.  1938 1K;> A>740=> 2AB@0;89A:>5 2@59A:>5 AB>@8G5A:>5 >1I5AB2>, 0 2 !84=55 1K;0 A>740=0 N=>H5A:0O >@30=870F8O 4;O ?><>I8 8<<83@0=B0< 8 1>@L1K A 0=B8A5<8B87<><.  1943- 2 !84=55, 0 2 1945- 2 5;L1C@=5 1K;8 A>740=K 1;03>B2>@8B5;=K5 1@0BAB20 <i> =09 @8A</i><br><br>.  MB8 3>4K ?@54?@8=8<0NBAO A5@L57=K5 CA8;8O ?> 45<>:@0B870F88 8 A5:C;O@870F88 52@59A8E >I5AB25==KE AB@C:BC@. > 8=8F80B825 (B59=15@30  .# 2 1942 1K;> ?@>2545=> ?@54AB028B5;L=>5 A>1@0=85 45;530B>2 >B >1I8=, =0 :>B>@>< 1K; 871@0= ><8B5B 5?CB0B>2.  1944 1K;0 A>720=0 :>=D5@5=F8O A?>;=8B5;L=>3> !>25B0 2AB@0;89A:8E 2@552(!)(ECAJ), :>B>@K9 >B=K=5 AB0; ?@54AB028B5;L=K< A25BA:8< >@30=>< 2A5E A5:F89 52@59A:>9 >1I5AB25==>AB8 2AB@0;88<br><br> <b> &/ ! 2-9   +</b><br><br> 2AB@0;89A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 5HQ 2 E>45 2>9=K AB0;> 2K@010BK20BL ?>A;52>5==CN 8<<83@0F8>==CN ?>;8B8:C, ?>=O2, GB> =0;8G=>5 =0A5;5=85 =5 A<>65B >15A?5G8BL =8 1KAB@>5 M:>=><8G5A:>5 @0728B85, =8 ?>B@51=>AB8 >1>@>=K.  8N;5 1945 1K; A>740= 5?0@B0<5=B <<83@0F88, 0 2 ?@028B5;LAB2> 1K; 22545= =>2K9 <8=8AB@ - 8<<83@0F88 2> 3;025 A @BC@>< >;25;;>< (Colwell). @028B5;LAB2> ?>=8<0;>, GB> 1@8B0=A:8E 8<<83@0=B>2 1C45B O2=> =54>AB0B>G=>. > 1K;> ?@87=0=> F5;5A>>1@07=K< A>E@0=8BL ?>;8B8:C 15;>9 2AB@0;88, ! B>G:8 7@5=8O «F5==>AB8» 4;O 8<<83@0F88 1K;> @5H5=> ?@8=8<0BL 2 AB@0=C 2 ?>@O4:5 C1K20=8O ?@8>@8B5B0: A:0=48=02>2, 3>;;0=4F52, 15;L389F52, N3>A;02>2, 3@5:>2 8 0;10=F52. =0G0;5 1K;> ?@87=0=> =565;0B5;L=K< ?@8=8<0BL 3@0640= AB@0= >A8. 2@58 =5 2>H;8 2 A?8A>: 4;O ?@54?>GB8B5;L=>9 8<<83@0F88, B0: :0: ?5@54 2>9=>9 80% 8<<83@0=B>2 52@552 ?>A5;8;8AL 2 !84=55 8 5;L1C@=5. @><5 B>3>, ?@54?>GB5=85 >B4020;>AL @5<5A;5==8:0<, => =5 B5:AB8;LH8:0<, :>B>@K<8 2 >A=>2=>< 1K;8 8<<83@0=BK 87 4>2>5==>9 >;LH8. <br><br>  A2O78 A MB8<, ! >1@0B8;AO 2 ?@028B5;LAB2> A <5<>@0=4C<><, 2 :>B>@><, 45;0O 0:F5=B =0 =C64K 2AB@0;88 2 @>AB5 =0A5;5=8O 8 B@038G5A:>< ?>;>65=88 >AB0B:>2 52@>?59A:>3> 52@59AB20, ?@8720;> ?@8=OBL G0ABL 52@>?59A:8E 52@552-?5@5<5IQ==KE ;8F.  023.1945 >;25;; >1JO28; > B><, GB> 1C45B 2?CI5=> 2000 52@552-@>4AB25==8:>2 68B5;59 2AB@0;88, ?@8 =0;8G88 @O40 >3@0=8G5=89 (2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L ?> 74>@>2LN). 07@078;0AL 1C@O =53>4>20=8O 2 ?@5AA5.  2AB@0;89A:>< ?0@;0<5=B5 AB0;8 ?@>87=>A8BL @5G8, 2 :>B>@KE MB0 ?@>3@0<<0 =07K20;0AL <i>1565=A:8< @5:5B><</i>, 0 2 ?0@;0<5=B5 8:B>@88 >48= ?0@;0<5=B0@89 70O28;, GB> 87 AB@0=K 45;0NB A20;:C 4;O =0@>40, :>B>@K9 70 2000 ;5B =5 A<>3 ?@82K:=CBL : 687=8 2 2@>?5.  E>BO 7=0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL 8=B5;;5:BC0;>2, ?>;8B8:>2, ?@54AB028B5;59 F5@:28 8 B@54-N=8>=>2 2KABC?8;8 2 70I8BC, >?@>A ?>:070;, GB> B>;L:> 17% =0A5;5=8O >4>1@ONB MBC 0:F8N ?@028B5;LAB20. <br><br>  1947 3C<0=8B0@=CN ?@>3@0<<C ?@5:@0B8;8 B=K=5 CAB0=02;820;0AL :2>B0 3000 G5;>25: 2 3>4 4;O 2>AA>548=5=8O @>4AB25==8:>2, 157 >:070=8O ?><>I8 70 AGQB $545@0F88. @8 MB>< @07@5H0;>AL 1@0BL =0 :>@01;L =5 1>;55 25% 52@552 : >1I5<C :>;8G5AB2C 1565=F52. > A>3;0H5=8N 1947 3>40 ?@028B5;LAB20 A 564C=0@>4=>9 >@30=870F859 1565=F52 (International Refugee Organization) 2 1947-1951 2J5E0;> 200 BKA. 8<<83@0=B>2, 87 =8E ;530;L=KE 52@552 1K;> =5 1>;LH5 500. AQ 65 42064K 1K;> A45;0=> 8A:;NG5=85: 4;O >4=>3> :>@01;O , 701@02H53> 1565=F52 87 (0=E0O 8 :>@01;O <i>6>= 45 8BB</i>(Wytt) ?@8257H53> 700 1565=F52 87 2@>?K. E 2?CAB8;8 A25@E :2>BK. ">;L:> ?>A;5 5=35@A:8E A>1KB89 1956 C;CGH8;>AL >B=>H5=85 : 8<<83@0=B0<-52@5O<, >4=0:>, 2 >B=>H5=88 A5D0@4>2 A8BC0F8O A<O3G8;0AL B>;L:> 2 60-5. A53> 70 1946-1950 1K;> ?@8=OB> 12BKA 52@552-8<<83@0=B>2. <br><br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br><br> !" !    50-5  80-5 + 20-3> <br><br> KABC?0O 2 1987 ?5@54 A>1@02H8<8AO 52@5O<8, ?@5<L5@-<8=8AB@ >15@B %>: >B<5B8; 2:;04 52@552 2 687=L 2AB@0;88, :0: <i>=58AG8A;8<K9 8 15AF5==K9..</i> C6=> ?@87=0BL, GB> 8 A0<8 52@58, >A>15==> ?@81K2H85 2 ?>A;52>5==>5 2@5<O 2 2AB@0;8N, 1K;8 AG0A;82K, 682O 2 A2>1>4=>9, 45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 AB@0=5.  1986 2 <i>87=5A 52N 8:;8 </i>1K; >?C1;8:>20= A?8A>: 200 1>30B59H8E ;N459 2AB@0;88. 25% 87 MB>3> A?8A:0 1K;8 52@58. <br><br> =0;878@CO 18>3@0D88 MB8E ;N459, AB0=>28BAO OA=>, GB> 1>;LH8=AB2> 87 =8E A2>Q 1>30BAB2> 4>1K;8, =0G02 A 187=5A0, :>B>@K< 70=8<0;8AL 8 @0=LH5 2 8E A5<L5. -B8< >1JOA=O5BAO, =0?@8<5@, B0:>5 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> 52@552, 70=OBKE 2 B5:AB8;L=>9 8=4CAB@88. 0?@8<5@, >;B0= Q@35@, 1@0E0< >;L415@3 8 $@5=: "8<M=. !<>@30=K B>65 =0G0;8 A 45;0, :>B>@K< >=8 70=8<0;8AL 2 >AA88, >B:@K2 <OA=>9 <03078=, 0 C65 ?>B>< @0AH8@8;8 A2>N 45OB5;L=>ABL =0 2K?CA: 1C<038, AB0;8 8 M;5:B@>=8:8. <br><br> >;LH8E CA?5E>2 4>18;8AL 52@58 2 B@048F8>==KE >1;0ABOE <548F8=5 8 NAB8F88. !@548 2@0G59:. 254CI89 8<<C=>;>3 ?@>D. !84=59A:>3> C-B0 >=0;L4 5==8(Penny), 8725AB=K9 <5;L1C@=A:89 30AB@>5=B5@>;>3 4-@ 65: 0=A:89(Hansky), @048>;>3 4-@ 5>?>;L4 8=B5@D0A(Dinterfass). !@548 N@8AB>2: ?@>D. C-B0 .# 6>= !0:28;; (Sackville), ?@>D. >=0H C-B0 C8A 0;;5@ (Waller), ?@>D.!84=59A:>3> 8 C-B0 .# 6C;8CA !B>C=(Stone) 8 AM@ 5;<0= >CM=(Cowen), :>B>@K9 1K; ?@>D.5;L1C@=A:>3> C-B0, 0 ?>B>< ?@>@5:B>@>< 28=A;5=4A:>3> C-B0, ?>A;5 G53> 2 1977-62 1K; 2AB@0;89A:8< 5=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@><. !@548 0@E8B5:B>@>2 2K40NI55AO <5AB> 70=8<05B 0@@8 !594;5@(Seidler), =03@064Q==K9 7>;>B>9 <540;LN 2AB@0;89A:>3> -B0 @E8B5:B>@>2. <br><br> 3@><5= 2:;04 52@552-<C7K:0=B>2 2 :C;LBC@=CN 687=L AB@0=K. !@548 =8E- A>740B5;8 <i>C78:8 820</i>, :@C?=59H59 <C7K:0;L=>9 >@30=870F88 2AB@0;88 8G0@4 >;L4=5@ 8 "5> 0;LF<0=(Saltzman). 5@2K9 8=B5@5A5= 5IQ 8 B5<, GB> A>2<5AB=> A 1@0B>< AB0; 87>1@5B0B5;5< CA>25@H5=AB2>20==>9 70ABQ6:8  <>;=88, :>B>@CN >=8 2K?CA:0;8 4;O >1<C=48@>20=8O 02AB@0;89A:>9 8 0<5@8:0=A:>9 0@<89. >E>4 >B MB>3> 187=5A0 40; A@54AB20 ;;O ?5@2>3> C78:0 820 :>=F5@B0. >AC40@AB25==K9 >@:5AB@ ! 1K; A>740= 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 1;03>40@O 52@59A:8< <C7K:0=B0<. !@548 254CI8E 02AB@0;89A:8E <C7K:0=B>2: 48@865@ 5=@8 @8?A(Krips), A:@8?0G !0<CM; %5;D3>BB(Helfgott), :><?>78B>@K 6>@46 @59DCA, $5;8:A 5@45@(Werder) 8 0@@8 !8BA:89(Sitsky), ?80=8AB A84>@ CB<0=(Goodman) 8 <=>3>, <=>3> 4@C38E, 157 :>B>@KE B@C4=> A515 ?@54AB028BL 02AB@0;89A:CN <C7K:C. K40NI89AO 2:;04 2 87>1@078B5;L=>5 8A:CAAB2>- C 42064K ;0C@50B0 ?@5<88 @G810;L40 6C48 5AA01(Cassab). 2@58- 8<<83@0=BK AK3@0;8 254CICN @>;L 2 A>740=88 =5A:>;L:8E B50B@>2, 2 B>< G8A;5 <i>=45?5=45=A 8 8==8A !8MB5.</i><br><br> !@548 ?8A0B5;59 A;54C5B 2K45;8BL ?8A0B5;59 ?5@2>9 ?>A;52>5==>9 2>;=K 6C4C #>B5=0 (Waten) 8 02840 0@B8=0, 0 B0:65 A>2@5<5==>3> ?8A0B5;O 8 2@0G0-?A8E80B@0 87 5;L1C@=0 !5@60 815@<0=0. =  B@864K ;0C@50B ?@5<88 ;0=0 0@H0;0, @>48;AO 2 !!!  2 1942. !@548 ?8A0B5;59, ?8A02H8E =0 848H <>6=> =0720BL 8=E0A0 >;L40E0, 5@F0 5@3=5@0 8 /E0HC0 0??>?>@B0. <br><br>  3>4K ?>A;5 2-9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K >B<5G05BAO C25;8G5=85 4>;8 52@552 2 =0A5;5=88. A;8 2 1933 8E 1K;> 23,5 BKA., GB> A>AB028;> 036% >B 2A53> =0A5;5=8O, B> 2 1961 AB0;> >:>;> 60 BKA 8 0,56%. @>8AE>48B 40;L=59H0O :>=F5=B@0F8O 52@552 2 <530?>;8A0E !84=55 8 5;L1C@=5. "0:, 2 1981 2 .# ?@>6820;> >:>;> 25,2BKA, 87 =8E 2 !84=55-97%, 0 2 8:B>@88-30,0 BKA., 87 =8E 2 5;L1C@=5-1>;55 98%. "@5BL8< 8 G5B25@BK< F5=B@0<8 ?>A5;5=8O 52@552 1K;8 0?04=0O 2AB@0;8O 8 28=A;5=4, A>>B25BAB25=> A 3,2 BKA.8 2,0BKA. 28=A;5=4- 548=AB25==K9 HB0B 2 2AB@0;88, 345 2 AB>;8F5 HB0B0 682QB <5=LH5 ?>;>28=K 2A5E 52@552 HB0B0(0,46%). 5A<>B@O =0 =0;8G85 7=0G8B5;L=>9 G0AB8 >@B>4>:A0;L=KE A5<59, 2 F5;>< @>6405<>ABL A@548 52@552 1K;0 =865, G5< 2 A@54=5< ?> AB@0=5. <br><br> <b> CAA:85 52@58 2 2AB@0;88</b><br><br> 0: C65 >B<5G0;>AL, 52@59A:0O 8<<83@0F8O 2 2AB@0;8N =0G0;0AL B>;L:> 2 80-5 3>4K ?>70?@>H;>3> 25:0., 0 ?8: 5Q ?@8HQ;AO =0 =0G0;> 90-E 3>4>2. %>BO ?>B>< 2?;>BL 4> 1-9 8@>2>9 2>9=K >1I89 ?>B>: 52@59A:>9 M<83@0F88 =0@0AB0;, >= =5 :>A=C;AO 2AB@0;88, GB> 2848<>, 1K;> A2O70=> A 45?@AA859 90-E 3>4>2 2 HB0B5 8:B>@8O.  MB> 2@5<O G8A;> 52@552, 682CI8E 2 MB>< HB0B5, A=878;>AL, 0 2>7@0A;> 2 .# 8, >A>15==>, 2 0?04=>9 2AB@0;88, 345 2 =0G0;5 90-E =0G0;0AL 7>;>B0O ;8E>@04:0.  <=>385 @CAA:85 52@58, :>B>@K5 2 MB> 2@5<O ?@81K20;8 2 2AB@0;8N,.A5;8;8AL B0<. AB0;L=K5 ?>GB8 2A5 A5;8;8AL 2 !84=55. >MB><C 2 MB> 2@5<O !84=59 >1>3=0; 5;L1C@= ?> :>;8G5AB2C 682CI8E 2 =Q< 52@552. 5:>B>@K5 87 ?@81K2H8E ?>B>< 4>AB83;8 1>;LH>3> :><<5@G5A:>3> CA?5E0, 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L !8<E0 052A:89 (Baevski), AB02H89 ?>B>< !84=55< 05@><(1878-1934).. >@01>B02 :>@>B:>5 2@5<O =0 E>7O52, >= 2A:>@5 702Q; ;02:C A B5:AB8;L=K< B>20@><.  !911 >= >B:@K; 2 5;L1C@=5 :@C?=59H89 2 AB@0=5 C=825@A0;L=K9 <03078=, :>B>@K9 =0720; 05@ <?5@8C<(Myer Emporium).  =0G0;5 30-E 20-3> AB>;5B8O C =53> @01>B0;> 5300 @01>B=8:>2. = 701>B8;AO =5 B>;L:> > 8E 70@?;0B5, => 8 >B4KE5, 4;O G53> 2 3;C18=:5 8 =0 ?>15@56L8 ?>AB@>8; @O4 4><>2 >B4KE0. 05@ 1K; 2K40NI8<AO D8;0=B@>?>< 8 >AB028; 7=0G8B5;L=K5 A@54AB20 4;O 5;L1C@=A:>3> C-B0 8 ?@>2545=8O 15A?;0B=KE A8<D>=8G5A:8E :>=F5@B>2.  M=F8:;>?5488 <i>Judaica </i>>B<5G5=>, GB> >= @>48;AO 2 >;LH5, => =0 A0<>< 45;5 >= @>48;AO 2 15;>@CAA:>< 3>@>4:5 @8G525, 2 F0@A:>9 >AA88. 081>;55 2K40NI8<AO @CAA:8< 52@55< ( AK= @CAA:8E M<83@0=B>2). K;, ?>60;C9, 5;<0= >CM=(Kowen), :@C?=K9 CG5=K9 2 >1;0AB8 N@8A?@C45=F88, 5=5@0;-C15@=0B>@ 2AB@0;88 2 ?5@8>4 1970-1977. #@>65=:0 >AA88 4-@ 848=3(Reading) 1K;0 >A=>20B5;5< 0F8>=0;L=>3> !>25B0 2@59A:8E 5=H8=. <br><br> >A;5 3@0640=A:>9 2>9=K M<83@0F8O 87 1K2H53> !!!  AB0;0 :@09=5 70B@C;=8B5;L=>9, B0: :0: ?><8<> B@C4=>AB59 2 ?>;CG5=88 287 >G5=L B@C4=> 1K;> 2K257B8 4065 =8GB>6=CN AC<<C 45=53. 0?@8<5@, >48= 87 >A=>20B5;59 48=0AB88 :@C?=KE ?@54?@8=8<0B5;59 8:B>@ !<>@30=, 2K5E02H89 2 A>AB025 A2>53> :;0=0 2 1926, @0AA:07K205B 2 A2>59 :=835, :0:85 B@51>20;8AL CE8I@5=8O, GB>1K E>BL GB>-B> ?5@5?@028BL 703@0=8FC. <br><br>  G8A;5 2K40NI8EAO 02AB@0;89A:8E 8<<83@0=B>2-52@552 70A;C68205B 1KBL >B<5G5==K< C65 C?><8=02H89AO C@>65=5F 5;3>@>40 35@>9 1-9 <8@>2>9 <b><u>2>9=K</u></b> 8 :><0=48@ 3-3> 10B0;L>=0 2@59A:>3> 538>=0 -;8075@ 0@3>;8= (1874-1944), ?@85E02H89 2 0?04=CN 2AB@0;8N 87 0;5AB8=K 2 1900. <br><br> #65 C?><8=0;8AL @;482H85AO 2 >AA88-!!!  8725AB=K5 02AB@0;89A:85 ?8A0B5;8 6C40 #>B5= 8 !5@6 815@<0=. <br><br>  ?5@8>4 AB0;8=A:>9 48:B0BC@K 8 ?>765, 2?;>BL 4> 1970-E 4065 ?><KA;K > M<83@0F8O 1K;8 >?0A=K 4;O 687=8. AQ 65 =5:>B>@K< A>25BA:8< 52@5O< A ?><>ILN N1028G5A:>3> @515 8 ?>4;>6=KE ?>;LA:8E ?0A?>@B>2 C40;>AL 2 1946-< >:070BLAO =0 0?045, 0 >BBC40 4>1@0BLAO 4> 2AB@0;88. 1 MB>< @0AA:07K205B 2 A2>59 :=835 =K=5H=89 48@5:B>@ 65=A:>9 A@54=59 H:>;K <i>5B@82:0</i> 2 5;L1C@=5 @0118 C@528G, :>B>@K9 B0:8< >1@07>< A @>48B5;O<8 M<83@8@>20; 2 2AB@0;8N 2 1946. CAA:85 52@58, >:0702H85AO ?>A;5 2>9=K 2 @>;8 ?5@5<5IQ==KE ;8F, B>65 G0AB> AB0@0;8AL C5E0BL 2 >4=C 87 0=3;>O7KG=KE AB@0=. A>15==>, :>340 7=0;8, GB> 8E A5<LO ?>381;0. "0: >:070;AO 2 2AB@0;88, 2 5;L1C@=5, 6>=(53C40) C18=, AB02H89 ?>B>< 2;045;LF5< ?@54?@8OB8O ?> @07@01>B:5 8 873>B>2;5=8N ?@5AA-D>@<. <br><br> 5@20O ;530;L=0O ?>A;52>5==0O M<83@0F8O 87 !!!  =0G0;0AL 2 1971 8 ?@>4>;60;0AL 4> :>=F0 1980-3>. 0 MB> 2@5<O 2 2AB@0;8N 2L5E0;> 5,2 BKA.  :>=F5 80-E =0G0;AO 2B>@>9 MB0? MB>9 M<83@0F88, C65 157 C=878B5;L=KE ?@>F54C@ 1@56=52A:>9 ?>@K.  ?5@8>4 1992-96 2 AB@0=C 2J5E0;> 1>;55 5 BKA. 52@552 C65 87 1K2H53> !>25BA:>3> !>N70 ?> A?5F80;L=>9 1565=A:>9 ?@>3@0<<5. A53> 70 33 3>40 ?>A;54=8E 2>;= @CAA:>9 8<<83@0F88 2 2AB@0;8N 2J5E0;> >:>;> 25 BKA 52@552 87 B5@@8B>@89 1K2H53> !!! . <br><br> <b>2AB@0;89A:85 52@58 A53>4=O</b><br><br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eakin} C-B0 2 68;>=35 .. C18=HB59=(W.D.Rubinstein) <br><br> @8 >G5=L =5@02=><5@=>< @0A?@5;5;5=88 =0A5;5=8O AB@0=K B5@@8B>@80;L=>5 @0A?@545;5=85 52@552 5IQ 1>;55 =5@02=><5@=>. "0:, 2 42CE A0<KE =0A5;Q==KE HB0B0E, 345 682QB 1>;55 ?>;>28=K =0A5;5=8O 2AB@0;88, 52@552 >B >1I53> 8E :>;8G5AB20-85%.  2-E <530?>;8A0E, !84=55(>:>;> 33 BKA) 8 5;L1C@=5( >:>;> 38 BKA), 682QB 84% 2A5E 52@52 AB@0=K 8 97% 52@59A:>3> =0A5;5=8O MB8E HB0B>2. 5@B, A :>;8G5AB2>< 52@552 >:>;> 5BKA O2;O5BAO B@5BL8<. ;O 73,5% 02AB@0;89A:8E 52@552 3;02=K< O7K:>< O2;O5BAO 0=3;89A:89, CAA:89 O7K: O2;O5BAO 2-<, =0 =Q< >1I0NBAO 2 A5<L5 9,3%. "@5B89 ?> ?>?C;O@=>AB8 O7K:-82@8B-6,1 8 G5B2Q@BK9-848H, 2,9%<br><br> 2@58 ACI5AB25==> ;CGH5 >1@07>20=K, G5< A@54=85 02AB@0;89FK: <br><br> <table> <tr> <td> </td> <td> 2@58% </td> <td> A@.02AB@0;89FK </td> </tr> <tr> <td> ! ?>A;5H:>;L=K< >1@07>20=85< </td> <td> 52,2 </td> <td> 34,7 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 0:0;02@K 8 2KH5 </td> <td> 34,3 </td> <td> 12,9 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 5=5465@K 8 04<8=8AB@0B>@K </td> <td> 51,2 </td> <td> 27,4 </td> </tr> </table> <br><br>4=0:>, «@01>B=8:>2 ?@8;02:0»-52@552 AB>;L:> 65, :0: 2 A@54=5< ?> AB@0=5: <br><br> <table> <tr> <td> 5;:85 A;C60I85, ?@>402FK 8 @01>B=8:8 A5@28A0 </td> <td> 20,5 </td> <td> 20,6 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> !>>B25BAB25==> 8 2KH5 C@>25=L 4>E>4>2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> !2KH5 1000 4>;;.  =545;N </td> <td> 24,2 </td> <td> 16,7 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> !2KH5 1500 </td> <td> 13,8 </td> <td> 3,8 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 5=55 8;8 @02=> 200 </td> <td> 22,9 </td> <td> 27,1 </td> </tr> </table> <br><br> <5AB5 A B5<, A @>AB>< F5= =0 75<;N 2 <5AB0E ?@>6820=8O @5;838>7=>3> 52@59AB20 8 =5?><5@=K< @>AB>< AB>8<>AB8 >1@07>20=8O (G0AB8G=>, 87-70 =5>1E>48<>AB8 =5AB8 1>;LH85 @0AE>4K =0 >E@0=C 52@59A:8E H:>;) =5:>B>@0O G0ABL 1>;LH8E A5<59 682QB 2 =C645 8 A:CG5==>AB8. <br> "5< =5 <5=55, 70 @54:8< 8A:;NG5=85<, 02AB@0;89A:85 52@58 AG0AB;82K, GB> 682CB 745AL, 8 3>@4OBAO 2AB@0;859<br><br> A?>;L7>20==0O 8B5@0BC@0<br> <ol> <li>John Simon Levi The Forefathers. A dictionary of biography of the Jews of Australia 1788-1830, AJHS, 1976 <li>Suzanne Rutland. Edge of the Diaspora, 2nd ed., Sydney, 1997, <li>Hilary J. Rubistein. The Jews in Auatralia,V.1, Melbourne, 1991, <li>W.D. Rubinstein. The Jews in Auatralia, v.2, Meibourne, 1991, <li>John S.Levi, G.F.J.Bergman. Australian Genesis, Melb. U-ty Press, 2002, <li>Australian Jewry s book of honour World War II, edited by Herald Pynt, AFJEMW, 1973 <li>The Jews in Australia< W.D. Rubinstein, AEHS, Melbourne, 1986 <li>V. Smorgon Living the Dream? Sydney, 2000 <li>Ian Grinblat, Nachum Zalman Gurevitz, Makor, Victoria, 2003 <li>Encyclopedia Judaica <li>:0B5@8=0 0=>20, '8AB0O 687=L, 5=>@0, !50, 5;L1C@= </ol> >:BO1@L 2004, <br> ellanpasika@hotmail.com <div align=center> <h1>>2>AB8 0H59 1I8=K</h1> </div> <hr> <div align=right><b>=B5@2LN A ?@8AB@0AB85<</b></div> <br/> <div align=center><font size=4><b>M@ City of Glen Eira 0284 $5;L4<0=:  K 4>;6=K =5AB8 >B25BAB25==>ABL ?5@54 68B5;O<8 </b></font></div><br> <i>- #20605<K9 3>A?>48= <M@, A?0A81>, GB> A>3;0A8;8AL >B25B8BL =0 =0H8 2>?@>AK. C@=0; «5=>@0» O2;O5BAO 548=AB25==K< 8740=85<, 2 :>B>@>< >A25I05BAO 687=L 52@59A:>9 @CAA:>O7KG=>9 >1I8=K HB0B0 8:B>@8O. = @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO B0:65 2 !84=55, 8 A@548 53> G8B0B5;59 <>6=> 2AB@5B8BL G;5=>2 4@C38E MB=8G5A:8E 3@C??. C@=0; 2K?CA:05BAO 2 A>B@C4=8G5AB25 A AA>F80F859 «(0;><» 8 A $545@0F859 @CAA:>O7KG=KE 52@59A:8E >@30=870F89 2AB@0;88. @8 >1I5< G8A;5 52@552 2AB@0;88, 2KE>4F52 87 1K2H53> !>25BA:>3> !>N70, ?>@O4:0 4204F0B8 ?OB8 BKAOG, >:>;> ?>;>28=K 87 =8E 6825B 2 5;L1C@=5. E G8A;5==>ABL 2 City of Glen Eira A>AB02;O5B >:>;> 2 BKA. G5;>25:.. -B> 25AL<0 0:B82=0O 8 >1@07>20==0O G0ABL 8718@0B5;59. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB> A>F80F8O «(0;><» - =081>;55 <=>3>G8A;5==0O @CAA:>O7KG=0O 52@59A:0O >@30=870F8O 2 5;L1C@=5, >=0 ?@54AB02;O5B 8=B5@5AK 2A59 >1I8=K 2 3>AC40@AB25==KE 8 4@C38E >1I5AB25==KE >@30=870F8OE.  =55 2E>4OB =0 ?@020E 0AA>F88@>20==KE G;5=>2 5I5 ?OBL @CAA:>O7KG=KE :;C1>2. O4 4@C38E @CAA:>O7KG=KE >@30=870F89 B0:65 A>B@C4=8G0NB A «(0;><><», =0?@8<5@, MB=8G5A:8 ?5AB@K9 :;C1 ?>68;KE 3@0640= «045640» 8 AA>F80F8O 25B5@0=>2 2->9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. </i><br><br> - !?0A81>, O 4C<0N, GB> MB> =C6=K5 4;O <5=O A2545=8O.<br><br> <i> - 0AA:068B5, ?>60;C9AB0, > A515. K 7=05<, GB> 20< 29 ;5B, 2K 70:>=G8;8 0C=B !:>?CA !:CC;, O2;O5B5AL ABC45=B>< ?> 8=D>@<0F8>==>9 B5E=>;>388 2 0;8D>@=88, C2;5:05B5AL <C7K:>9. > E>B5;>AL 1K 7=0BL 1>;55 ?>4@>1=>: 20H8 :>@=8 8;8 :>@=8 @>48B5;59, 20H8 C2;5G5=8O, A5<59=>5 ?>;>65=85, GB> 2K G8B05B5.</i><br><br> -  459AB28B5;L=>AB8, O 2 0C=B !:>?CA !:CC; 70:>=G8; B>;L:> =0G0;L=K5 :;0AAK, 0 70B5< CG8;AO 2 5;L1C@= %09 !:CC;. /  <;04H89 87 B@>8E 45B59 2 =0H59 A5<L5. >A;5 >:>=G0=8O H:>;K G5BK@5 3>40 @01>B0; =0 >1I5AB25==>9 @048>ABC488, 0 70B5< 8=AB@C:B>@>< ?> 3>@=>;K6=><C A?>@BC. >B>< =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O @01>B0; <5=5465@>< ?> 8=D>@<0F8>==K< B5E=>;>38O< =0 1070E >B4KE0 2AB@0;88 8 !(, 0 ?>74=55 2 >4=>< 87 <C=8F8?0;8B5B>2 2 !>548=5==KE (B0B0E. / C2;5:0NAL ;K60<8, A?CA:>< A 3>@ =0 4>A:5 8 ?>42>4=K< ?;020=85<.<br><br> <i>- 5@2K9 @07 2K CG0AB2>20;8 2 2K1>@0E 2 2003 3>4C 8 70=O;8 A:@><=>5 16 <5AB> A@548 28 :0=4840B>2. '5< >1JOA=8BL >3;CH8B5;L=K9 CA?5E 2 MB>B @07?</i><br><br> - 8B5;8 640;8 =>2KE ?>4E>4>2, E>B5;8, GB>1K :>=AC;0B 1K; 8< ?>4>BG5B5=. 718@0B5;8 2KABC?0;8 70 B>, GB>1K !>25B =0 A0<>< 45;5 @01>B0; 2 8E 8=B5@5A0E. / ?@>25; >G5=L B@C4=CN 8718@0B5;L=CN :0<?0=8N, 2AB@5G0;AO 8 15A54>20; A> <=>38<8 8718@0B5;O<8, =0;>3>?;0B5;LI8:0<8. =8 >G5=L >701>G5=K =5?><5@=K< @>AB>< <5AB=KE =0;>3>2 8 >6840NB, GB> :B>-=81C4L A:>=F5=B@8@C5B CA8;8O 2 MB>< =0?@02;5=88.<br><br> <i> - 3 3>40 =0704 2K >A=>20;8 AA>F80F8N =0;>3>?;0B5;LI8:>2 City of Glen Eira. =0 ?@8720=0 ?@54AB02;OBL 8=B5@5AK 68B5;59, 2;045;LF52 187=5A>2, A?>@B82=K5 8 >1I5AB25==K5 3@C??K <C=8F8?0;8B5B0. > 254L :0: @07 4;O MB8E F5;59 <K 2K18@05< A>25B=8:>2. 5 4C1;8@C5B ;8 B>340 AA>F80F8O <5AB=CN 2;0ABL?</i><br><br> - 5B. AA>F80F8O =0;>3>?;0B5;LI8:>2  MB> >1I5AB25==K9 :>=B@>;5@. 3> @>;L  2 :@8B8G5A:>< @0AA<>B@5=88 45OB5;L=>AB8 !>25B0 8 A>25B=8:>2, GB>1K 1KBL C25@5==K<, GB> B5 459AB2CNB 2 8=B5@5A0E >1I5AB20. AA>F80F8O ?@>2>48B 0:F88 A F5;LN A=865=8O =0;>3>2 8 A>1;N45=8O ?>4>BG5B=>AB8 !>25B0 ?5@54 8718@0B5;O<8. B:@>25==> 3>2>@O, ?>A;54=89 A>AB02 !>25B0 =5 >?@0240; >6840=89, <K MB> 2A:>@5 ?>=O;8.<br><br> <i> - >A;5 >3;0H5=8O ?5@2KE @57C;LB0B>2 2K1>@>2 2 3075B5 The Age 1K;> ?@82545=> 0H5 >15I0=85 8718@0B5;O<:  / E>GC ?5@5AB@>8BL @01>BC =0H53> !>25B0 A B5<, GB>1K =0;>3>?;0B5;LI8:8 >1A;C6820;8AL 4>;6=K< >1@07>< . 'B> MB> >7=0G05B?</i> <br><br> - !>25B 8 A>25B=8:8 4>;6=K =5AB8 >B25BAB25==>ABL ?5@54 68B5;O<8. -B>3> B@51C5B A;C65=85 >1I5AB2C. N1>9 A>25B=8:, 459AB2CNI89 2 A2>8E 8=B5@5A0E, 0 =5 2 8=B5@5A0E 68B5;59 @09>=0, A@07C 2K7K205B =54>2>;LAB2> =0;>3>?;0B5;LI8:>2. >;8B8:0 !>25B0 4>;6=0 >B@060BL =5 2>;N 8 65;0=8O A>25B=8:>2, 0 8=B5@5AK 68B5;59.<br><br> <i> -  2002 1K; ?@8=OB : 8A?>;=5=8N ?>MB0?=K9 ?@>5:B «5;L1C@=-2030», ?@54CA<0B@820NI89 «:>=A>;840F8N» 3>@>40. 0:>2> 20H5 >B=>H5=85 : MB><C ?@>5:BC? 5;05BAO ;8 GB>-;81> 2 =0H5< <C=8F8?0;8B5B5 4;O 2K?>;=5=8O MB>3> ?;0=0?</i><br><br> - @>5:B «5;L1C@= 2030» - MB> AB@0B538O @C:>2>4AB20 =0H53> HB0B0, =0< >=0 =02O70=0. / 1C4C 2AOG5A:8 A>?@>B82;OBLAO C25;8G5=8N ?;>B=>AB8 8 @>ABC MB06=>AB8 70AB@>9:8, @>ABC 02B><>18;L=>3> 42865=8O 8 =0B8A:C ?0@:>2>:, ?>B5@5 CNB=>9 3>@>4A:>9 A@54K. 0H :>=AC;0B ?@54?@8<5B H038, GB>1K A25AB8 : <8=8<C<C =530B82=>5 2>7459AB285 ?;0=0 «5;L1C@= 2030», :0A0NI53>AO 80% =0H53> @09>=0. !;54C5B ?@>2>48BL 70